1 <!DOCTYPE doctype PUBLIC "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
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6 <meta content="Fred T. Hamster" name="Author">
8 content="Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US) [Mozilla]">
9 <title>CLAM Reference Manual</title>
11 <body alink="#ff9900" bgcolor="#400080" link="#33ff33" text="#ffff99"
15 <h1><big>CLAM: Coordinated Librarian &</big></h1>
16 <h1><big>Automatic Maker</big></h1>
17 <small></small></center>
18 <center><big><img src="clams_tran.gif" height="347" width="392"></big></center>
21 <h2><big>Tutorial and Reference Manual</big></h2>
22 <small></small></center>
25 <address><big><a name="lib_manager"></a>By Chris Koeritz (<a
26 href="mailto:koeritz@gruntose.com">koeritz@gruntose.com</a>)</big></address>
27 <small></small></center>
31 <hr noshade="noshade" size="8" width="100%"></h2>
32 <small></small></center>
35 <h2><big>Table of Contents</big></h2>
36 <small></small></center>
38 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
39 <li><big> <a href="#EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY">Executive Summary</a></big></li>
40 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
41 <li><big> <a href="#PREPARATION">Preparing Your Computer to Use
43 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
45 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
46 <li><big> <a href="#STEPS_NEEDED">Necessary Steps</a></big></li>
47 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
49 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
50 <li><big> <a href="#TUTORIAL">CLAM Tutorial</a></big></li>
51 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
53 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
54 <li><big> <a href="#CAVEATS">Caveats</a></big></li>
55 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
56 <li><big> <a href="#TUT_BASICS">Basics</a></big></li>
57 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
58 <li><big> <a href="#TUT_COMMON">Common Files</a></big></li>
59 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
60 <li><big> <a href="#TUT_IMPORTANT_VARS">Important Variables</a></big></li>
61 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
62 <li><big> <a href="#TUT_VAR_ASSIGN">Variable Assignment</a></big></li>
63 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
64 <li><big> <a href="#TUT_OPTIONAL_VARS">Optional Variables</a></big></li>
65 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
66 <li><big> <a href="#WRITING_RULES">Writing Your Own Rules</a></big></li>
67 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
68 <li><big> <a href="#TUT_CONCLUSION">Conclusion</a></big></li>
69 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
71 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
72 <li><big> <a href="#REFERENCE">CLAM Reference</a></big></li>
73 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
75 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
76 <li><big> <a href="#LANG_INDEP_VARS">Language Independent
77 Variables</a></big></li>
78 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
79 <li><big> <a href="#LANG_INDEP_RULES">Language Independent
81 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
82 <li><big> <a href="#LANG_INDEP_TARGETS">Language Independent
83 Targets</a></big></li>
84 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
85 <li><big> <a href="#LANG_INDEP_SCRIPTS">Language Independent
87 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
88 <li><big> <a href="#CPP_VARS">C++ Specific Variables</a></big></li>
89 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
91 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
92 <li><big> <a href="#DIRECTORY_VARS">Directory Structure
93 Variables</a></big></li>
94 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
95 <li><big> <a href="#CPP_FLAGS">Compiler Dependent Flags</a></big></li>
96 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
97 <li><big><a href="#vcpp_only">Microsoft Visual C++ Only</a><br>
99 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
100 <li><big> <a href="#SUPPORT_EXTENSIONS">Support for
102 Extensions</a></big></li>
103 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
105 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
106 <li><big> <a href="#CPP_RULES">C++ Specific Rules</a></big></li>
107 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
108 <li><big> <a href="#CPP_TARGETS">C++ Specific Targets</a></big></li>
109 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
110 <li><big> <a href="#CPP_SCRIPTS">C++ Specific Files</a></big></li>
111 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
113 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
114 <li><big> <a href="#EXAMPLES">Example CLAM Makefiles</a></big></li>
115 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
116 <li><big> <a href="#CLAM_HINTS">CLAM Hints and Troubleshooting</a></big></li>
117 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
118 <li><big> <a href="#ACKS">Acknowledgements</a></big></li>
119 <small> </small><small></small>
122 </big><small></small>
124 <hr noshade="noshade" size="8" width="100%"></h2>
125 <small></small></center>
127 </big><small></small>
128 <h2><big><a name="EXECUTIVE_SUMMARY"></a>Executive Summary</big></h2>
129 <small></small></center>
130 <big> The CLAM system is a set of macros and rules
131 for the GNU make program
133 simplifies the creation of executable programs and code
135 Most makefiles that use the CLAM system are ten lines long or
137 Makefiles are stated in terms of a set of special variable names that
139 interprets in order to issue the correct sequence of compilation
141 This document presents a tutorial on the variable names and simple
143 that need to be used with CLAM. Several example makefiles and the
145 reference manual for CLAM are also included.<br>
146 CLAM is part of the HOOPLE libraries (<a
147 href="http://hoople.org/">http://hoople.org/</a>) and can be
148 downloaded from there or through a sourceforge mirror site.<br>
149 In the remainder of the document, we will often
150 refer to CLAM as just "clam".<br>
153 <center><small></small>
155 <hr noshade="noshade" size="8" width="100%"></h2>
156 <small></small></center>
158 </big><small></small>
159 <h2><big><a name="PREPARATION"></a>Preparing Your Computer to Use
161 <small></small></center>
162 <h3><big><a name="STEPS_NEEDED"></a>Necessary Steps:</big></h3>
164 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
165 <li><big>Setting environment variables for clam:</big></li>
166 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
168 <li><big>FEISTY_MEOW_DIR:</big></li>
169 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
171 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
173 **REVISE** out of date...
175 This variable has been needed since clam became
176 part of the YETIcode project (at <a href="http://yeticode.org/">http://yeticode.org</a>).</big></li>
178 <li><big>The default location for clam is under the FEISTY_MEOW_DIR
180 folder named clam, although the version of clam shipped with the HOOPLE
181 code (http://hoople.org) actually lives under the root of the hoople
184 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
185 <li><big>If the yeti root directory is in $HOME/yeti
187 default for FEISTY_MEOW_DIR will work and it doesn't need to be declared.</big></li>
188 <li><big>Setting the variable:<br>
190 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
192 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
193 <li><big>On Unix (with the bash shell): <span
194 style="font-weight: bold;">export MAKEFLAGS="-I $HOME/yeti/clam"</span></big></li>
195 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
196 <li><big>On win32: <span style="font-weight: bold;">set
197 MAKEFLAGS="-I c:/yeti/clam"</span> (or set this in the System
198 control panel, under the advanced tab, in environment variables)<span
199 style="font-weight: bold;"><br>
201 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
202 <li><big>Note that the use of
203 forward slashes is mandatory in the clam directory in MAKEFLAGS.<br>
205 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
207 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
209 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
210 <li><big>MAKEFLAGS:</big></li>
211 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
213 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
214 <li><big> This variable is required to be set in the
215 environment before using clam with gnu-make. It tells make where
216 to find the clam definitions and scripts.</big></li>
218 <li><big>Setting the variable:<br>
220 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
222 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
223 <li><big>On Unix (assuming bash as shell): <span
224 style="font-weight: bold;">export MAKEFLAGS="-I $FEISTY_MEOW_DIR/clam"</span></big></li>
225 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
226 <li><big>On win32: <span style="font-weight: bold;">set
227 MAKEFLAGS="-I %FEISTY_MEOW_DIR%/clam"</span></big></li>
228 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
229 <li><big>This variable also requires forward slashes
231 backslashes.</big></li>
232 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
234 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
239 <li><big>Required Tools:</big></li>
240 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
242 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
243 <li><big>The compiler itself:<br>
245 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
247 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
248 <li><big>If you are running GNU/Linux (or almost any other
249 Posix-compliant operating system), then the GNU C/C++ compiler
250 suite is pretty much all that's needed.</big></li>
251 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
253 GNU C/C++ compiler (included in the <a href="http://www.mingw.org/">MinGW</a>
254 toolkit) should be all that's needed for
256 but the Microsoft Visual Studio 6.0-8.0 compilers can be used if
257 available. Compatibility is only guaranteed for vc8
260 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
262 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
263 <li><big>Win32 Unix Tools:</big></li>
264 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
266 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
267 <li><big> If you are running a win32-based product
271 windows xp, etc) then a few additional tools are required...<br>
273 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small><small></small>
274 <li><big>The recommended GNU utilities are available for
277 package (http://www.mingw.org/).</big></li>
278 <li><big>Note that you will need to add the binaries directory from MSYS to
279 your path. The PATH variable can be accessed under MS-NT type OSes through the
280 "control panel | system | advanced | environment variables" menu trail. If you
281 plan to use msys outside of clam, then ensure that
282 the MSYS bin directory is prior to the
283 windows system directory in your path; this causes the Unix "find"
284 command to be used instead of the Windows version.</big></li>
285 <li><big>Alternatively, a similar set of GNU utilities is
287 in the <a href="http://cygwin.com/">Cygwin package</a>, although these tools are no longer recommended and are, in
288 fact, actively deprecated.</big></li>
289 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
291 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
293 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
295 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
296 <li><big>makedep and version_stamper tools:</big></li>
297 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
299 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
300 <li><big>The hoople/bin directory in the archive has
302 versions of tools used by clam during a build.<br>
304 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
305 <li><big>If you would rather rebuild them from source, then
307 the script "bin/bootstrap_build.sh" will
308 recreate all of these internal tools.<br>
310 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
312 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
314 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
315 <li><big>Third Party Tools Used By or Supported Within clam:</big></li>
316 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
318 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
319 <li><big>wx widgets:</big></li>
320 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
322 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
323 <li><big>home page: http://www.wxwidgets.org/</big></li>
324 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
325 <li><big>As far as the clam team is concerned, this is the
327 portable (and open source) library for graphical user interfaces.<br>
329 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
331 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
332 <li><big>OpenSSL:</big></li>
333 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
335 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
336 <li><big>home page: http://www.openssl.org/</big></li>
337 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
338 <li><big>This is the team's most favorite library for SSL
340 Sockets Layer) and general encryption needs.<br>
342 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
344 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
345 <li><big>cURL:</big></li>
346 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
348 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
349 <li><big>home page: http://curl.haxx.se/</big></li>
350 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
351 <li><big>The curl library rocks(!) and provides a very
353 tools for programmatically interacting with live web pages.<br>
355 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
357 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
359 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
360 <li><big>Other clam Preconditions:</big></li>
361 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
363 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
364 <li><big>Linux platforms:</big></li>
365 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
367 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
368 <li><big>The standard source code repository is a directory
371 in the user's home directory. If you decompress the hoople
372 library archive in your home directory, you should be all set to
373 perform a build.</big></li>
374 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
375 <li><big>See the HOOPLE website for more details about
376 downloading that codebase (<a href="http://hoople.org">http://hoople.org</a>).<br>
378 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
380 <small></small><small></small>
382 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
384 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
385 <li><big>Win32 platforms:</big></li>
386 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
388 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
389 <li><big>The standard repository for source code is a substituted drive l:, which is where all the other hierarchies start. This
390 drive can be mapped to any folder desired using the "subst" command
391 (for example, "subst l: c:\build_dir").
393 objects and final products will be generated to the l: drive.</big></li>
394 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
395 <li value="2"><big>Using MS Visual Studio as the Compiler:</big></li>
396 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
398 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
399 <li><big>VS80COMNTOOLS/VS90COMNTOOLS/VS100COMNTOOLS variable:</big></li>
400 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
402 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
403 <li><big>This variable should be automatically created by
404 Visual Studio upon installation. If it isn't, then Microsoft has
405 a bug or you need to restart your current prompt or your computer.<br>
407 <li><big>The paths that clam uses to find compiler binaries
408 is calculated based on this variable.</big></li>
409 <li><big>Older versions of visual studio are currently
410 unsupported because Microsoft constantly rearranges their folders and
411 tools in a non-maintainable way.<br>
414 <li><big>Several other environment variables are required
416 Studio. They can be set up for your current command prompt by
417 running "vcvars32.bat" or "vsvars32.bat" (found under
419 compiler's common directory, which varies depending on the version of
422 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
424 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
426 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
428 <small> </small><small></small>
431 </big><small></small>
433 <hr noshade="noshade" size="8" width="100%"></h2>
434 <small></small></center>
436 </big><small></small>
437 <h2><big><a name="TUTORIAL"></a>CLAM Tutorial</big></h2>
438 <small></small></center>
439 <big> This section provides an overview of
441 works and how you can make it work for you. It is quite brief,
443 should suffice for most common cases of makefiles. For more
445 usage, consult the CLAM Reference section of this document.
447 <h3><big><a name="CAVEATS"></a>Caveats</big></h3>
449 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
450 <li><big>Most of the Unix tools employed in the make process are
451 case-sensitive.
452 This means that they will probably not find any of the clam support if
453 the files have been changed to upper-case names. It also means
455 all code files must match their descriptions in makefiles, letter for
457 And any batch files or executables invoked also need to be in
459 as clam expects them to be.</big></li>
460 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
461 <li><big>A corollary case requirement is that the makefile must
464 "makefile" or "Makefile". These are the Unix standard names and
466 looks for these by default. If you are willing to type "make -f <i>makefile_name</i>",
467 then you can run any makefile. However, the build-ready makefiles
468 should be named according to the standard, since the build process will
469 look for these automatically.</big></li>
470 <small> </small><small></small>
473 <a name="TUT_BASICS"></a>Basics</big></h3>
474 <big> The C++ Library
475 Automatic Maker system (or CLAM) is defined as a set of
477 (or macro) definitions. These variable definitions are
479 order to compile and link programs. By setting the variables'
481 appropriately, specific products can be generated from the target rules
483 in clam. Both variables and rules are extensible. The
485 procedure for building a clam-based Makefile has four user-defined
489 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
490 <li><big>loading the default variables for clam,</big></li>
491 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
492 <li><big>redefining the default variables where necessary,</big></li>
493 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
494 <li><big>loading the default rule set for clam,</big></li>
495 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
496 <li><big>defining rules that are local to the user's Makefile.</big></li>
497 <small> </small><small></small>
499 <big>Step 4 can usually be omitted unless the project creates
501 whose types are not supported by clam.<br>
502 clam is structured as a directory hierarchy
503 where the root of clam
505 the most general makefile activities. Activities such as
507 into subdirectories and providing support for cleaning up after a make
509 provided at this level. In the remainder of the document, we
511 designate this location with a "$" character to clarify what part of
512 the clam hierarchy we are describing.<br>
513 The root clam
514 support files are mostly language independent, since they are used by
516 varieties of language dependent derived versions of clam. These
518 are generally not of concern unless one is designing a new derived
520 of clam for a language not yet supported.<br>
521 The subdirectories off of the clam root
523 "derived" makefile services, such as C++ or Ada compilation. Each
524 derived clam service implements at least two files to link into the
526 clam system: a variables file and a rules file. The variables
528 the options for the derived make process; by changing the values of
530 different types of targets can be created. The rules file
532 creation of the targets relevant to the programming language being
534 It may be worth noting that clam can be used to
536 any kind of programmatic process--not just compilation. Currently
538 program compilation is the primary goal.
540 <h3><big><a name="TUT_COMMON"></a>Common Files</big></h3>
541 <big> The top-level file called
544 definitions and descriptions of the variables used throughout the clam
545 system. For a non-derived type of make (using only base clam
547 this file should be included near the start of the user's
549 The rules file (stored in "$/rules.def") should be included after the
551 has modified the appropriate variables that will dictate how the make
555 This scheme of including variables at the
556 top and then rules at the bottom of the user's makefile is employed in
557 all clam makefiles. For example, makefiles for C++ compilation
559 same way. The user's C++ makefile includes the C++ variables
561 in a subdirectory called "$/cpp" under the clam root) at the top of the
562 makefile and then includes the C++ rules at the bottom.<br>
563 An example
564 of a C++ makefile is shown below:
567 <small> </small><big> <tt>include cpp/variables.def <br>
571 SOURCE = chaos.cpp checkup.cpp earth_time.cpp guards.cpp istring.cpp \<br>
572 log_base.cpp mutex.cpp occurrence.cpp outcome.cpp
573 outcome_table.cpp \<br>
574 packable.cpp portable.cpp runtime_history.cpp
575 system_outcomes.cpp \<br>
576 utility.cpp version_checker.cpp version_record.cpp<br>
577 TARGETS = basis.lib<br>
579 include cpp/rules.def</tt><br>
580 </big><small></small>
582 <big>The interior of the makefile overrides the TYPE, SOURCE
583 and TARGETS variables for C++ compilation to specify what is to be
585 (basis.lib) and what it consists of (the CPP files mentioned in
587 The PROJECT variable being overridden is actually defined in the
589 a project name is a required feature of all clam makefiles.
591 <h3><big><a name="TUT_IMPORTANT_VARS"></a>Important Variables</big></h3>
592 <big>
593 The clam root directory is pointed to by an internal variable called
595 defined in $/variables.def. This variable is used by the clam
597 to find extra files that might be needed by derived makefile
599 It is important to change this to the appropriate value when you are
600 using the system in a different location. The CLAM_DIR variable
602 be directly edited in $/variables.def, or it can be overridden in the
604 of the shell running the make, or it can be passed on the command line
607 For C++ compilation, the above example
609 (for basis.lib) contains examples for most of the required
610 elements. Additional elements
611 will be discussed in the examples section or can be found in the
613 The absolutely required variables for C++ are PROJECT, TYPE, SOURCE and
616 <p><big> PROJECT is a variable that
619 of the project being compiled. This should be a word that can
621 be used as a directory name and partial component of filenames.
623 spaces and other unusual punctuation characters are discouraged.
624 All of the project's temporary directories will be created based on
626 variable. This project name should be unique across a full build;
627 otherwise files generated by compiling identical project names will be
630 <p><big> TYPE is a variable that describes
632 of project that is being compiled. This is necessary because it
634 some aspects of the compilation, such as where the compilation products
636 generated. All files generated by compilation are stored in the
638 directory (by default, either "~/hoople" in Linux or "l:\" in
639 win32). There are three TYPEs supported so far: </big></p>
641 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
642 <li><big>library: indicates that the project will primarily be
646 dynamic libraries.</big></li>
647 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
648 <li><big>application: indicates that the project will create
649 executables.</big></li>
650 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
651 <li><big>test: indicates that the project constructs test
653 <small> </small><small></small>
655 <big> Projects of the "library" type will
657 an include directory named after the project, such as
658 "~/hoople/include/basis".
659 The include directory is created as a copy of the headers in the
661 directory . Library projects will also have their final products
663 to the lib or dll subdirectories of the build directory being created.<br>
664 Projects that are of type "application" will
665 have their executables
666 copied to the executable directory in the repository (such as
668 The "test" type of project
669 will be promoted to a subdirectory named after the PROJECT that resides
670 under the test hierarchy in the repository (such as
671 "~/hoople/tests/turbodog").
673 <p><big> SOURCE is a list of files that
676 in order to create the final products of the project. These can
678 C++ source files (*.cpp), MS-Win32 resource files (*.rc) and other
680 of source files. The list of objects to create will be determined
681 by transforming the list of SOURCE files (such as by turning a file
683 "fud.cpp" into an object called "fud.obj").
685 <p><big> TARGETS is a list of the products
687 to be created by compilation and linking. The suffix of a target
688 is a well established extension, such as ".lib", ".exe"
689 or ".dll" for MS-Win32 compilation products.
691 <h3><big><a name="TUT_VAR_ASSIGN"></a>Variable Assignment Policies</big></h3>
692 <big>
693 The assignment of variable values is mostly straightforward, but it
695 be valuable to provide a refresher. In GNU make, a variable
697 macro) can be assigned using the following syntax:
700 <small> </small><big>FRED = a b c </big><small> </small>
702 <big>This sets the variable named FRED to the value of "a
703 b c". The variable is referred to as $(FRED) when it is being
705 although its name is just FRED.<br>
706 This syntax is fine when the variable is to be
707 defined only once.
708 In many cases though, a variable is already defined and needs to be
710 to instead of redefined. Using the standard equals (=) operator
712 wipe out the previous definition, so a special assignment
716 <small> </small><big>FRED += d e f </big><small> </small>
718 <big>This is quite similar to the C syntax on integers. It
720 FRED will be given a value equal to its old value plus the new
722 In our example, FRED would be equal to "a b c d e f". Note that
725 FRED = $(FRED) d e f
726 (BAD!)<br>
728 This is not allowed in GNU make because it includes a macro's own value
729 in its definition. This causes a badly formed recursive
731 of the variable; a variable dereferencing operation (such
732 as $(FRED)) causes the variable's current value to
733 be resolved, which in turn dereferences any other variables in the
735 Thus, the reference to $(FRED) causes infinite recursion when
737 in the definition of FRED.<br>
739 In the case of variables that <u>must</u>
740 be defined by the user's makefile, the standard assignment operator
741 (via the = character) can
742 be used. This includes the PROJECT, TYPE, SOURCE, and TARGETS
744 Also, any other variables that are set only by the user's makefile can
745 use simple assignment. This category includes LOCAL_LIBS_USED,
746 LIBS_USED and others of similar nature.<br>
747 But several variables are defined partially
748 by clam, then added to within the user's makefile, and then possibly
750 after the user's makefile is processed (by the clam rules file).
751 These variables cannot use
752 standard assignment and must instead use the incremental assignment
754 operator. Variables included in this category are DEFINITIONS,
756 CLEANUPS, and many others.
758 If you are unsure about the type of variable
759 you are defining, then the incremental assignment (+=) operator is
761 to avoid trashing the variable's previous values.<br>
762
763 Note that when variables are "exported", then any make in a subshell
765 inherit the parent shell's value. This can induce some weird
767 for variables that are incrementally constructed with the +=
769 If this seems to be happening, try using the simple assignment operator
771 that variable in the sub-makefile, if this is allowed. In general
773 variables are not exported unless they MUST be seen by shell scripts
775 this does not occur overly frequently.
777 <h3><big><a name="TUT_OPTIONAL_VARS"></a>Optional Variables</big></h3>
778 <big> There are several miscellaneous
780 are useful, either within one's makefiles or when passed to GNU make on
782 line. These are described below.
784 <p><big> LOCAL_LIBS_USED is a list of
786 that are to be linked in with the library or executable being
788 These are specially formatted names; they are just the prefix part of
790 full library name. For example, if you're building a release
792 and want to link in a data structures library "i_adt.lib" (win32) or
793 "libi_adt.a" (Linux), you can specify:
795 LOCAL_LIBS_USED = i_adt
797 The appropriate prefix and suffix will be attached.
799 <p><big> EXTRA_COPIES is a list of files
800 that should be copied to a project's output folder when it is done
801 being compiled. These should be files that are not already
802 copied as the main products, such as extra data or configuration files
803 that belong with an application.
805 <p><big> EXTRA_VERSIONS is a list of
808 also need to be updated to the main build version during a
810 These are usually needed if a project compiles several executable
812 and each one performs version checking. (By default, any project
813 containing a file called "version.ini" will get a version stamp from
817 <h3><big><a name="WRITING_RULES"></a>Writing Your Own Rules</big></h3>
818 <big> One might need to write new rules
821 file types that are not directly supported by clam. There are a
823 of features provided for writing rules, but there are also some
827 All rules in makefiles need to be prefaced
828 with one of the provided "launcher" macros. These are used to
830 that the rules can be properly executed on different platforms;
832 was especially hard to implement for until these macros were developed
833 (due to what appear to be basic defects in the command line
835 All preaching aside, here are the macros:
838 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
839 <li><big>HIDER: Executes a command but hides the
840 invocation. Any
842 still sent to standard out. If a verbose
843 build is being done, then all of the invocations become visible again.</big></li>
844 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
845 <li><big>HIDESH: Executes a shell script but hides the
847 Similar to HIDER but supports scripts specifically.<br>
849 <small> </small><small></small>
851 <big>Here are some examples of using the macros properly.
854 command itself must be contained in single quotes:<br>
856 $(HIDER) $(MIDL) crumpet_server.idl<br>
858 <blockquote><big>MIDL is also a provided macro; it executes the
860 IDL compiler. </big></blockquote>
861 <big>$(HIDESH) $(CLAM_DIR)/postconditions.sh<br>
863 <blockquote><big>This runs a shell script that handles the end
865 make.</big></blockquote>
867 <a name="TUT_CONCLUSION"></a>Conclusion</big></h3>
868 <big> This tutorial is intended to raise
871 basic usage. Hopefully the reader will now be able to
873 simple makefiles that use . For more aggressive compilation
875 the reference section may be needed; it describes every variable and
877 used in the system. However, it is most likely the case
879 your unsupported compilation needs will also be required by others in
881 future, and it is hoped that you will contribute them to the
882 main-line support. Currently, the appropriate way to do
885 send the makefile code to the <a href="#lib_manager">library
886 administrator</a>, who will include them
887 in the next version of .
889 <center><small></small>
891 <hr noshade="noshade" size="8" width="100%"></h2>
892 <small></small></center>
894 </big><small></small>
895 <h2><big><a name="REFERENCE"></a>CLAM Reference</big></h2>
896 <small></small></center>
898 <a name="LANG_INDEP_VARS"></a><u>Language Independent Variables</u></big></h2>
899 <big> The language independent variables
901 in the file "$/variables.def". They define the overall structure
902 of a make and can usually be overridden to customize how the make is
905 <h4><big>BUILD_BEFORE</big></h4>
906 <big> This is a list of projects that need
909 before this project can be created. The items in the list are
911 as directories that contain a makefile to be run. For example, if
912 an item in BUILD_BEFORE is listed as ‘fred’, then the target
914 will be executed. That target changes to the directory 'fred'
916 running the makefile there. The project in the specified
918 is created using make if needed (as determined by that directory's
920 The projects in BUILD_BEFORE are made immediately after the
924 <h4><big>ACTUAL_TARGETS, ACTUAL_FIRST_TARGETS, ACTUAL_LAST_TARGETS</big></h4>
925 <big> See below for TARGETS, FIRST_TARGETS and
928 <h4><big>BUILD_AFTER</big></h4>
929 <big> A list of directory names that
932 into after this project finishes. Each listed directory will have
934 started on any makefile found.<br>
936 <h4><big>BUILD_BEFORE<br>
938 <big> A list of directory names that
940 recursed into before this project
941 starts. Each directory listed will have make started on any
944 <h4><big>MAKEFILE_NAME</big></h4>
945 <big> A variable that specifies the name
948 for all sub-makes. It works with BUILD_BEFORE and
949 BUILD_AFTER and allows the name of the makefile in a
950 subdirectory to be changed to something other than 'makefile'.
952 supports different types of builds which are controlled by different
956 <h4><big>PARAMETER_FILE</big></h4>
957 <big> A file name that is
958 usually found at the root of the repository. The name is
959 often "build.ini", but any name can be used as the parameter file.
960 This file is an extension of the variable set included in
962 and can be used to provide compilation paramters without resorting to
964 command line. This file is associated with a particular build
966 than the support, so different releases will have different build
968 files. On systems supporting version information, the build's
970 number is stored here also.<br>
972 <h4><big>CATCHER</big></h4>
973 <big> A sub-program launcher like HIDESH
974 but this will trap errors it sees and play the build error
975 CLAM_ERROR_SOUND.<br>
977 <h4><big>CLAM_BIN</big></h4>
978 <big> This is a folder where the helper
979 binaries for are located. The default for this is usually
982 <h4><big>CLAM_DIR</big></h4>
983 <big> This variable points at the location
984 where the definitions and helper scripts are located. The
987 but this can be overridden for local installations of .<br>
989 <h4><big>CLAM_ERROR_SOUND</big></h4>
990 <big> This is a list of sound files
991 that should be played when a make stops with an error. It serves
993 an audible warning that something bad happened.<br>
995 <h4><big>CLAM_FINISH_SOUND</big></h4>
996 <big> This is a list of sound files
997 that should be played when the make has concluded
998 successfully. It should play when the outer-most make
999 has seen all targets created as intended.<br>
1001 <h4><big>CLAM_TMP</big></h4>
1002 <big> Specifies the location for temporary
1003 files generated during a make. The default value usually works
1005 This directory will be created if it does not already exist.<br>
1007 <h4><big>CLEANUPS</big></h4>
1008 <big> This is a list of files to be
1011 clean command. They are possibly acquired from the TARGETS
1013 in the user's Makefile, or by language dependent rules for
1015 Additional files can be added to this list by the user's makefile also.
1017 <h4><big>DIRTY_FILE</big></h4>
1018 <big> This variable points at a file that
1020 that some targets have been remade. It is not used at the base
1022 of clam, but language-specific versions might do something special if
1024 were remade (such as put them in a build repository).
1026 <h4><big>FAILURE_FILE</big></h4>
1027 <big> This file is used as a flag that
1030 a make has failed. The particular file used depends on the
1032 name for this makefile. It is cleared at both the beginning and
1036 <h4><big>FIRST_TARGETS</big></h4>
1037 <big> The FIRST_TARGETS are made before
1040 are created and before any executables are compiled. There must
1042 a rule for making every entry in this list, either through implicit
1044 or explicit ones provided by the user's makefile.
1046 <h4><big>FLAG_FILES</big></h4>
1047 <big> This is a list of all the files
1048 that are used for compilation flags. They are whacked at the
1050 and end of a make.<br>
1052 <h4><big>HIDER</big></h4>
1053 <big> This macro is used throughout
1055 commands that are being sent to the operating system. It can be
1056 disabled to allow a verbose make (see the NOISY macro).
1058 <h4><big>HIDESH</big></h4>
1059 <big> Just like HIDER, but this macro is
1061 for launching shell scripts. Some versions of GNU make (like
1063 have problems running scripts which don't arise when running executable
1065 Those problems led to the creation of the HIDESH macro for those
1067 cases. This is not an issue for Unix systems.
1069 <h4><big> LAST_TARGETS</big></h4>
1070 <big> The LAST_TARGETS are made after all
1073 standard targets are made. Their must be a rule for making every
1074 entry in this list, either through implicit rules or explicit ones
1076 by the user's makefile.
1078 <h4><big>NOISY</big></h4>
1079 <big> This variable can be used to cause a
1082 If the variable is non-empty, then all commands will be echoed to
1084 output. Otherwise, the default is to hide the commands that are
1086 and just show the output of running those commands.
1088 <h4><big>OP_SYSTEM</big></h4>
1089 <big> This is a flag that defines the
1092 name. This flag is sometimes used to choose the appropriate tools
1093 per platform or to conditionally compile code for system
1094 dependent interfaces. The available possibilities so far are
1096 OS2, SYSV (System V Unix), DOS, and WIN32. Only UNIX and WIN32
1098 currently very functional.
1100 <h4><big> OTHER_CLEANS</big></h4>
1101 <big> These are targets to execute before
1103 the main clean up during "make clean". These might be targets
1105 contain shell commands to execute as part of clean up or they could
1107 the "clean_subdirs" command (defined below).
1109 <h4><big>PROJECT</big></h4>
1110 <big> This is a variable that provides the
1113 project being compiled. This should be a word that can also be
1115 as a directory name and as a partial component of filenames.
1117 and other unusual punctuation characters are discouraged. All of
1118 the project's temporary directories will be created based on this
1121 <h4><big>FEISTY_MEOW_DIR</big></h4>
1122 <big> Specifies the root directory
1123 for compilation or other building activities. The
1125 is also where source code and final products of compilation reside,
1127 the default is over-ridden (see TARGETS_DIR).<br>
1129 <h4><big>SH & SHELL</big></h4>
1130 <big> These variables both point at a
1133 used for starting commands. SHELL is defined by GNU make, whereas
1136 <h4><big>SUB_FLAG_FILES</big></h4>
1137 <big> This is a list of the compilation
1140 should be destroyed only at the end of a make. They are used for
1142 with submakefiles--makefiles that were invoked by "this" makefile.<br>
1144 <h4><big>SUBMAKE_FLAG</big></h4>
1145 <big> This points to a file whose presence
1148 a "submake" performed some actions. The flag can be interpreted
1150 some language-specific versions of as a reason to set a flag
1155 <h4><big>TARGETS</big></h4>
1156 <big> These are the products to be created
1158 Each item listed in TARGETS should have a rule that knows how to create
1159 that type of file. The language independent system provides very
1160 few suffix based rules. TARGETS is filled in by the user in
1161 their file, but it is not used directly by the
1164 a generated variable called ACTUAL_TARGETS is used.<br>
1166 <h4><big>TARGETS_DIR</big></h4>
1167 <big> This folder is where all generated
1170 be stored. It is usually identical to FEISTY_MEOW_DIR but can be
1172 when the targets should be stored elsewhere.<br>
1174 <h4><big>Version components: major, minor, revision, build<br>
1176 <big> These four variables specify the
1179 particular build. They are usually stored in the
1181 The major and minor versions are the traditional 2.3, 4.0, etc
1183 of release numbers. The revision number is often used to sequence
1185 builds of that particular release, such that build 3.5.127 is the 127th
1187 of the 3.5 release.<br>
1188 A version-tagged file (such as an executable or
1190 library) with any one of the major, minor or revision numbers differing
1192 an installed build is incompatible with the installed build. An
1194 file or dynamic library will not be allowed to load other dynamic
1196 where these numbers differ.<br>
1197 The last version component is misleadingly called
1199 this number specifies the service pack level for a file. Files
1201 versions only differ in the last "build" component are intended to be
1203 with each other. The understanding is that if only that number
1205 then the external interface to the file has not changed, although the
1207 implementation may have.<br>
1209 <h2><big><a name="LANG_INDEP_RULES"></a><u>Language Independent
1210 Rules</u></big></h2>
1211 <big> The file "$/rules.def" uses the
1214 defined in "$/variables.def" together with a set of make rules to
1216 actions during compilation. The rules file should be included in
1217 the user's Makefile after the compilation variables have been
1219 for the project being compiled. The user's own targets should be
1220 placed after the directive that includes "$/rules.def".
1222 <h4><big>%.halt</big></h4>
1223 <big> These targets cause to exit,
1226 something that it considers catastrophic. An example of this
1228 be when finds an inappropriate entry in the list of objects to
1230 allowing a "make clean" on this makefile will delete files that are
1232 not intended. Hence, when finds this kind of usage, it will
1233 stop the make and issue a complaint.
1235 <h4><big>%.make</big></h4>
1236 <big> Used to compile a makefile in a
1239 "%". This rule is employed by the BUILD_BEFORE macro, but can be
1240 used in the user's makefile targets also.
1242 <h2><big><a name="LANG_INDEP_TARGETS"></a><u>Language Independent
1243 Targets</u></big></h2>
1244 <big> The following targets are defined by
1247 <h4><big>all</big></h4>
1248 <big> This is a standard target that is
1251 no particular target is specified at the make command line. It is
1252 an umbrella target that invokes all of the other targets required to
1254 a make. The order in which the major targets are created is:
1257 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
1258 <li><big>FIRST_TARGETS</big></li>
1259 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
1260 <li><big>TARGETS</big></li>
1261 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
1262 <li><big>LAST_TARGETS</big></li>
1263 <small> </small><small></small>
1267 <big> This causes all of the files in
1269 removed and also executes all of the targets in OTHER_CLEANS. The
1270 language dependent system can override some of this behavior or it can
1271 just add more files to the list of CLEANUPS.
1273 <h4><big>clean_subdirs</big></h4>
1274 <big> This is similar to "make_subdirs" in
1277 into the subdirectories in no particular order, but it runs "make
1279 in each of them. This allows a directory hierarchy of projects to
1280 be cleaned with one command.
1282 <h4><big>finish</big></h4>
1283 <big> The "finish" target represents the
1285 of a make, whether successful or not. It reports the time and
1289 <h4><big>rm_links</big></h4>
1290 <big> This target causes all link files in
1293 directory to be deleted. This is only applicable on a Unix
1297 <h4><big>make_subdirs</big></h4>
1298 <big> This target allows a makefile to
1300 all of the subdirectories under the current directory should be scanned
1301 for makefiles and that those makefiles should be executed. If a
1303 does not exist, it is skipped. Note that the subdirectories are
1305 into in no particular order; the order depends on how the operating
1307 decides to list the directories. If the order of make is
1309 use BUILD_BEFORE instead.
1311 <h4><big>start</big></h4>
1312 <big> The "start" target represents the
1314 the make. It reports the time and date (and logs them).
1316 <h2><big><a name="LANG_INDEP_SCRIPTS"></a><u>Language Independent
1317 Files</u></big></h2>
1318 <h4><big>$(PARAMETER_FILE)</big></h4>
1319 <big> This is a special
1320 file that has at least two purposes in . It is the source of
1322 version number that will be stamped on all the appropriate DLLs and
1324 created during a build. It is also a place where build-wide
1326 directives can be included so that they do not have to be passed on the
1328 line. For C++ compilation, this is usually an INI file
1330 FEISTY_MEOW_DIR under the build folder.
1331 Here is a sample parameter file:
1333 <blockquote><big><tt><font size="-1"><big>#\</big></font></tt> <br>
1334 <tt><font size="-1"><big>[version]</big></font></tt> <br>
1335 <tt><font size="-1"><big>major=14</big></font></tt> <br>
1336 <tt><font size="-1"><big>minor=3</big></font></tt> <br>
1337 <tt><font size="-1"><big>revision=140</big></font></tt> <br>
1338 <tt><font size="-1"><big>build=0</big></font></tt> </big><small> </small>
1339 <p><big><tt><font size="-1"><big>DEBUG=t</big></font></tt> <br>
1340 <tt><font size="-1"><big>OPTIMIZE=t</big></font></tt> <br>
1342 <small> </small></blockquote>
1343 <big>Note the bizarre comment at the top of the makefile; this is
1346 the "[version]" section marker. The comment is required because
1348 build parameter file is pulled directly into the makefile code to set
1350 variables after the version stamp. Without a comment in front of
1351 the section, a syntax error would result. The "[version]" section
1352 marker is required because this file is also sometimes treated as a
1354 in order to read the version stamp.<br>
1355 The build version is stored in the first four
1356 entries. Our interpretation of the stamp is standard for "major"
1357 and "minor". We treat the "revision" as a build revision number;
1358 within a release, there will be numerous revisions--one for each new
1360 that is performed. We then treat the "build" entry as a patch
1362 within that particular build. When we perform our version
1364 only the first three entries are compared; the patch level in "build"
1366 considered irrelevant.
1368 This example also specifies that the build
1369 should be a debug style (rather than release) build and that it should
1370 be optimizer. We can also see that
1371 the flags for bounds checker instrumentation and true time
1372 analysis support are commented out.<br>
1374 <h4><big>badness_catcher.sh</big></h4>
1375 <big> Runs the command line passed
1376 in as a sub-shell and looks for error conditions. If an error
1378 the build is stopped and the CLAM_ERROR_SOUND is played.<br>
1380 <h4><big>datestamp.sh</big></h4>
1381 <big> Echoes the time and date. This
1384 file to make the cross-platform difference less annoying.<br>
1386 <h4><big>exit_make.sh</big></h4>
1387 <big> Causes the make to stop dead in its
1390 <h4><big>postconditions.sh</big></h4>
1391 <big> Invoked at the end of the
1393 portion of a make.<br>
1395 <h4><big>preconditions.sh</big></h4>
1396 <big> Invoked at the beginning of the
1397 language-invariant portion of a make.<br>
1400 <h4><big>starter.sh</big></h4>
1401 <big> This shell script executes a command
1404 to it as its parameters and logs error conditions to standard
1406 It's used by the CATCHER macro.
1410 <hr noshade="noshade" size="8" width="100%"></h2>
1412 <a name="CPP_VARS"></a><u>C++ Specific Variables</u></big></h2>
1413 <big> These variables are used throughout
1416 support. They are defined in "$/cpp/variables.def".
1419 <h4><big>BASE_CPU</big></h4>
1420 <big> Allows specification of the
1422 build is targeted for. This is needed when special actions must
1424 taken for different processor types. Valid values currently
1426 m68k (for Motorola 68000 series), m68340 (specifically the 68340),
1427 x86 (intel 386 and upwards), and ppc860 (the PowerPC 860).
1429 <h4><big>BUILD_LIST_FILE</big></h4>
1430 <big> The list of files that must
1431 be rebuilt. This is only used with compilers that support
1433 of multiple source files with one invocation of the compiler (currently
1437 <h4><big>BUILD_WHACK_FILE</big></h4>
1438 <big> A list of object files that must be
1441 the make fails. This is only relevant in the same situations as
1442 BUILD_LIST_FILE.<br>
1444 <h4><big>COMPILER</big></h4>
1445 <big> This variable chooses the specific
1448 for the compiler. Not all operating system choices above are
1450 with the COMPILER choices, but generally it is fairly obvious which are
1451 supported. The current possibilities include BORLAND_DOS,
1453 UNIX (default cc), GNU_OS2, GNU_LINUX, OBJECT_CENTER (Saber compiler),
1455 VISUAL_CPP, and DIAB3.
1457 <h4><big>COMPILER_FLAGS</big></h4>
1458 <big> This is the list of flags passed to
1461 and compiler. It is composed of the SYSTEM, the DEFINITIONS, the
1463 and any user-included options. If flags that don't fit one of the
1465 are needed, they can be added here.
1467 <h4><big>CONSOLE_MODE</big></h4>
1468 <big> This causes the program
1469 to be generated as a console application. This is relevant in
1471 (such as win32) where programs have a split personality depending on
1473 they are to have graphical user interfaces or just console interfaces.
1475 <h4><big>DEBUG_FLAGS</big></h4>
1476 <big> These are flags used for generating
1478 versions of object files, such as ones that include debugging code
1480 for gdb) or ones that add code for profiling (e.g., gprof). Possible
1482 in the Sun CenterLine Compiler environment are -g for debugging code
1486 <h4><big>DEFINITIONS</big></h4>
1487 <big> This is a list of compiler flags
1490 value of C or C++ macros. These usually have the format of
1491 ‘-D<flag>’,
1492 but in this particular variable only the <flag> itself should be
1494 (because the compiler option characters ‘-D’ are added automatically).
1496 <h4><big>DEPENDENCY_ADDITIONS</big></h4>
1497 <big> This is a list of extra flags that
1499 to the auto-dependency tool. The list can vary for each compiler.
1501 <h4><big>DEPS_FILE</big></h4>
1502 <big> This file is where the
1505 is stored. The "makedep" program is used to generate
1507 information for the files listed in SOURCE. During a build, the
1509 is pulled into the actual code of the makefile; this causes the
1511 to be automatically included so that they can dictate the files that
1516 <h4><big>EXTRA_VERSIONS</big></h4>
1517 <big> This is a list of version files that
1519 to be updated to the main build version during a compilation.
1521 are usually needed if a project compiles several executable files, and
1522 each one performs version checking. By default, any project
1524 a file called "version.ini" will get a version stamp from the main
1528 <h4><big>LIBRARIAN_FLAGS</big></h4>
1529 <big> This is a list of flags that are
1531 library creation tool. Sometimes this must be overridden for a
1535 <h4><big>LIBS_USED</big></h4>
1536 <big> These are code libraries that the
1538 depend upon. They are searched for in any of the directories
1540 in the LIBRARY_SEARCH_PATH.
1542 <h4><big>LOAD_FLAG_PREFIX & LOAD_FLAG_SUFFIX</big></h4>
1543 <big> These tell the linker and loader how
1546 the files and where to locate library components. The prefix is listed
1547 on the compilation command line before the object files are listed, and
1548 the suffix after. The prefix should contain information such as the
1550 to be searched for code libraries (although they should be added to
1551 LIBRARY_SEARCH_PATH).
1552 In the suffix definition, actual library loading statements (like
1554 can be included (although they should be listed in a different form in
1555 LIBS_USED or LOCAL_LIBS_USED).
1557 <h4><big>LOCAL_LIBS_USED</big></h4>
1558 <big> The names in this list actually
1561 to be recompiled when the libraries listed have changed. To
1563 this, these libraries MUST be located in the STATIC_LIBRARY_DIR rather
1565 at some arbitrary place on the LIBRARY_SEARCH_PATH. These
1567 also must follow the special naming convention followed by ; if
1569 is an entry in this list, then a library called "basis.lib" will be
1573 <h4><big>NO_COMPILE</big></h4>
1574 <big> Specifies that no compilation
1575 should be performed. Nothing in the SOURCE or TARGETS macros will
1579 <h4><big>NO_DEPS</big></h4>
1580 <big> This is an exclusion flag. If
1583 then no auto-dependency files will be generated. This is useful
1585 you're missing the makedep tool and trying to compile it.<br>
1587 <h4><big>OBJECTS</big></h4>
1588 <big> The OBJECTS are all those files that
1591 created during compilation. Usually this list is filled based on
1592 the files in SOURCE.
1594 <h4><big>OPTIMIZE</big></h4>
1595 <big> Causes the make to create optimized
1597 The default optimization is for speed.
1599 <h4><big>REBUILD</big></h4>
1600 <big> If the REBUILD variable is
1602 files listed in the SOURCE variable are touched. This should
1604 all of those files to be rebuilt during the compilation.
1606 GNU make will complain that a file is newer than the current time, but
1607 this does not usually cause any problems.
1609 <h4><big>SOURCE</big></h4>
1610 <big> The SOURCE variable is a list of
1613 to be compiled in order to create the final products of the
1615 These can be C++ source files (*.cpp), Win32 resource files (*.rc)
1617 other types of source files. The list of objects to create will
1619 determined by transforming the list of SOURCE files (such as by turning
1620 a file called "fud.cpp" into an object called "fud.obj"). More
1622 types will be added as they are needed.
1624 <h4><big>STATIC</big></h4>
1625 <big> Causes the make to create statically
1628 Executables or dynamic libraries will not link in any compiler supplied
1629 dynamic libraries, nor will they require them during run-time.
1631 <h4><big>TYPE</big></h4>
1632 <big> This is a variable that describes
1634 project that is being compiled. Knowing the type of project is
1636 because it controls some elements of the compilation and also of the
1638 promotion of the compiled products. There are three TYPEs
1643 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
1644 <li><big>library: indicates that the project will be primarily
1648 dynamic libraries.</big></li>
1649 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
1650 <li><big>application: indicates that the project will create
1651 executables.</big></li>
1652 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
1653 <li><big>test: indicates that the project constructs test
1654 programs.</big></li>
1655 <small> </small><small></small>
1657 <big>Projects of the "library" type will follow the special
1659 their include directory (which is created as a copy of headers in the
1661 directory). Library projects will also have their final products
1662 copied to the lib or dll subdirectories of the build directory being
1664 Projects that are "application"s will have their executables copied to
1665 the executable directory in the build. And "test" projects will
1667 promoted to a subdirectory named after the PROJECT that resides under
1669 test hierarchy in the build.
1671 <h2><big><a name="DIRECTORY_VARS"></a><u>C++ Directory Structure
1672 Variables</u></big></h2>
1673 <h4><big>BASE_OUTPUT_PATH</big></h4>
1674 <big> This is the parent directory
1675 for object files generated for the specified type of CPU and the style
1677 build (e.g. debug or release builds).<br>
1679 <h4><big>CPU_BUILD_DIR</big></h4>
1680 <big> This variable can be used to
1683 names used for output. It includes the cpu name and the type of
1686 <h4><big>DYNAMIC_LIBRARY_DIR</big></h4>
1687 <big> The directory where dynamic
1689 stored after creation.<br>
1691 <h4><big>EXECUTABLE_DIR</big></h4>
1692 <big> The directory where executable files
1694 stored after creation.<br>
1696 <h4><big>FINAL_DIR</big></h4>
1697 <big> This is the name of the directory
1700 compilation products are stored, currently only import libraries for
1701 dynamic libraries.
1702 It is usually a directory under the OUTPUT_PATH named "final".
1704 <h4><big>HEADER_SEARCH_PATH</big></h4>
1705 <big> This is a list of directories that
1708 for C++ header files (files ending in ‘.h’).
1710 <h4><big>HOOPLE_HEADERS</big></h4>
1711 <big> The two standard places to look for
1713 (the repository and the third party directory) are listed in this
1716 <h4><big>HOOPLE_LIBRARIES</big></h4>
1717 <big> This is where our libraries are
1718 located. It is usually a subdirectory called "lib" under the
1722 <h4><big>LIBRARY_SEARCH_PATH</big></h4>
1723 <big> This is a list of directories that
1726 for C++ library archives (files ending in ".a" or ".lib").
1728 <h4><big>LOCAL_HEADERS</big></h4>
1729 <big> This variable provides a way to
1732 prior to the default locations in the search path. For example,
1734 you are compiling locally and have some headers that are not present in
1735 the build you are using, then you can specify where they are in this
1738 <h4><big>LOCAL_LIBRARIES</big></h4>
1739 <big> This variable allows other library
1741 to be added prior to the default search locations. This enables
1743 static or import libraries to be used instead of the standard ones
1747 <h4><big>STATIC_LIBRARY_DIR</big></h4>
1748 <big> This is the location where code
1750 to be copied during promotion and where they are to be searched for
1752 listed in LOCAL_LIBS_USED. Under Unix, these libraries have a
1754 suffix and are created with the "ar" program. Under Win32,
1756 libraries have a ‘.lib’ suffix and are created with "link".
1758 <h4><big>OBJECT_DIR</big></h4>
1759 <big> This is where object files will be
1762 compilation for the target type being produced.
1764 <h4><big>OUTPUT_DIRECTORY_LIST</big></h4>
1765 <big> This is a list of directories that
1767 created under the OUTPUT_PATH. It contains the "final" directory
1768 where all finished products are stored, as well as all the intermediate
1769 directories for objects.
1771 <h4><big>OUTPUT_PATH</big></h4>
1772 <big> This is the temporary file storage
1774 Any files that are created during the compilation process will be
1776 under here in a subdirectory named after the PROJECT.
1778 <h4><big>OUTPUT_ROOT</big></h4>
1779 <big> This specifies the root portion of
1782 It lets a PC build use drive letters for the root, while a Unix build
1784 specify a directory hierarchy.
1786 <h4><big>SEARCH_DIRS</big></h4>
1787 <big> This is a list of directories that
1790 for both C++ header files and for C++ code libraries. The items
1792 on SEARCH_DIRS will be added to both the LIBRARY_SEARCH_PATH and the
1793 HEADER_SEARCH_PATH.
1794 The reasoning behind this variable is lost in antiquity.
1796 <h4><big>TESTS_DIR <br>
1798 <big> The directory where test programs
1800 stored after creation.<br>
1802 <h4><big>THIRD_PARTY_DIR</big></h4>
1803 <big> Third party components are sometimes
1806 creation of products. The directory is expected to have a
1808 containing "include" and "lib" subdirectories where headers and
1812 <h2><big><a name="CPP_FLAGS"></a><u>Compiler Dependent Flags</u></big></h2>
1815 <big> This is the name of the C++ compiler
1818 <h4><big>COMPILER_HEADER_DIR</big></h4>
1819 <big> This is where the compiler's header
1822 root directory is located. It is usually based on the root
1825 <h4><big>COMPILER_LIBRARY_DIR</big></h4>
1826 <big> This is where the code libraries for
1829 are located. It is usually based on the root directory.
1831 <h4><big>COMPILER_ROOT_DIR</big></h4>
1832 <big> This should automatically be set to
1835 local directory where the C++ compiler is located.
1837 <h4><big>CREATE_LIBRARY_FLAG</big></h4>
1838 <big> This flag, if required, specifies
1841 must precede the name of a library to create. It is passed to the
1842 library creation tool.
1844 <h4><big>DEF_FILE</big></h4>
1845 <big> This flag only applies to Win32
1847 It specifies the name of a DEF file for all of the products created in
1850 <h4><big>LIB_PREFIX & LIB_SUFFIX</big></h4>
1851 <big> The portions of a library's name
1852 dictated by the operating system. For example, on Unix the prefix
1854 and the suffix is ".a", leading to library names like "libbasis.a" for
1856 basis library. On win32, the prefix is "" and the suffix is
1858 to library names like "basis.lib".<br>
1860 <h4><big>LIBRARY_NAME_FLAG</big></h4>
1861 <big> This flag contains the text that
1864 that will be included in a link. It is often "-l".
1866 <h4><big>LIBRARY_PATH_FLAG</big></h4>
1867 <big> This flag provides the text needed
1870 library search path. Multiple occurrences of this flag followed
1872 a directory name are allowed by most compilers.
1874 <h4><big>LIBRARY_TOOL</big></h4>
1875 <big> This is the name of the program
1880 <h4><big>LINK_TOOL</big></h4>
1881 <big> This is the name of the program that
1883 This is sometimes the same as the compiler (CC) and sometimes the same
1884 as the librarian (LIBRARY_TOOL).
1886 <h4><big>LINKER_OPTION_SEPARATOR</big></h4>
1887 <big> In some compilers, linker options
1890 from compiler options that occur on the same command line. This
1892 serves that purpose.
1894 <h4><big>LINKER_OUTPUT_FLAG</big></h4>
1895 <big> This flag is sometimes required by a
1898 specifying the name of the library or executable that it is creating.
1900 <h4><big>OBJECT_NAME_FLAG</big></h4>
1901 <big> This flag is used to specify the
1904 file being created. It is passed to the compiler to override
1906 default name would be used.
1908 <h2><big><u><a name="vcpp_only"></a>Microsoft-Visual C++ Only</u><br>
1910 <h4><big>USE_MFC</big></h4>
1911 <big> This flag only applies to Visual C++
1914 that MFC is to be used in creating this project. This is usually
1915 the case for GUI applications.
1917 <h4><big>VC_ROOT</big></h4>
1918 <big> This is an override that allows the
1921 directory to be customized without changing the code. If
1923 is set (either in a makefile or as an external variable), then it will
1924 be used in place of the COMPILER_ROOT_DIR. The best way to use
1926 override is as an external environment variable; this allows makefiles
1927 to remain the same despite your local configuration of the compiler.
1929 Note that this variable should use
1931 where DOS/Win32 would use backslashes. Also, if you have
1933 Visual C++ in a directory path containing space characters, then please
1934 use the 8.3 notation for the directories containing the spaces; this
1936 the name to be passed around successfully. For example...
1938 <center><small></small><big> </big><big> </big><big> </big><big> </big><big></big><big></big><big>
1939 </big><big> </big><big> </big><big> </big><big>
1940 </big><big> </big><big> </big><big> </big><small> </small><small></small><small>
1941 </small><small> </small><small> </small><small> </small><small>
1942 </small><small> </small><small> </small><small> </small><small> </small><small></small><small>
1943 </small><small> </small><small> </small><small> </small>
1944 <table cellpadding="8" cellspacing="4">
1947 <td><big> </big><small> </small>
1948 <center><big><u>If Visual C++ Is Installed In</u></big></center>
1949 <small> </small><big> </big></td>
1950 <td><big> </big><small> </small>
1951 <center><big><u>Then VC_ROOT Should Be</u></big></center>
1952 <small> </small><big> </big></td>
1955 <td><big> </big><small> </small>
1956 <center><big>c:\devstudio\vc</big></center>
1957 <small> </small><big> </big></td>
1958 <td><big> </big><small> </small>
1959 <center><big>c:/devstudio/vc</big></center>
1960 <small> </small><big> </big></td>
1963 <td><big> </big><small> </small>
1964 <center><big>c:\program files\devstudio\vc</big></center>
1965 <small> </small><big> </big></td>
1966 <td><big> </big><small> </small>
1967 <center><big>c:/progra~1/devstudio/vc</big></center>
1968 <small> </small><big> </big></td>
1972 <small></small></center>
1973 <h4><big>VCS_ROOT</big></h4>
1974 <big> Similarly to the VC_ROOT, this
1976 at the root of the C# support for Visual Studio.Net.<br>
1978 <h4><big>FRAMEWORK_DIR</big></h4>
1979 <big> This variable specifies the location
1981 .Net framework directory. On MS-Windows XP, the default should be
1982 fine. For MS-Windows 2000 or other Win32 OSes, the windows
1984 should be "winnt" instead. If the operating system is configured
1985 in a non-default way, the framework directory can be specified in an
1986 environment variable.<br>
1988 <h4><big>VCPP_USE_BASE</big></h4>
1989 <big> Specifies that standard Win32
1993 <h4><big>VCPP_USE_GUI</big></h4>
1994 <big> Specifies that the MFC libraries
1998 <h4><big>VCPP_USE_OLE</big></h4>
1999 <big> Specifies that the COM / OLE
2003 <h4><big>VCPP_USE_RPC</big></h4>
2004 <big> Specifies that the MS-RPC libraries
2008 <h4><big>VCPP_USE_SOCK</big></h4>
2009 <big> Specifies that the MS-WinSock
2013 <h2><big><a name="CPP_RULES"></a><u>C++ Specific Rules</u></big></h2>
2014 <big> These types of targets have one
2017 if any of the items that a target depends on in SOURCE or
2019 or included files or whatever have changed since the last time the
2021 was created, then it is recompiled.
2023 <h4><big>%.bad</big></h4>
2024 <big> Causes the make to die. This
2025 is added when an incorrect file type is spotted in a list of targets.<br>
2027 <h4><big>%.dll</big></h4>
2028 <big> These create dynamically linked
2032 <h4><big>%.elf</big></h4>
2033 <big> Creates elf-formatted binaries for
2035 firmware build (a specialized RTOS is the only one currently supported).<br>
2037 <h4><big>%.exe</big></h4>
2038 <big> This creates an executable program
2041 the objects and libraries specified. It is therefore important in
2042 a makefile to only have executables that depend on the same group
2043 of object files. The hidden agenda in the "exe" type of target is
2044 that a file ending in ".cpp" must exist; this is taken as the root of
2046 executable. It should usually contain the main() function (or its
2049 <h4><big>%.lib</big></h4>
2050 <big> This creates static libraries from
2055 <h4><big>%.nil</big></h4>
2056 <big> A blank target for test compiles.<br>
2058 <h4><big>%.obj</big></h4>
2059 <big> These create object files from C++
2062 (files ending in .c or .cpp).
2064 <h4><big>%.res</big></h4>
2065 <big> These create compiled resource files
2070 <h2><big><a name="CPP_TARGETS"></a><u>C++ Specific Targets</u></big></h2>
2072 check_requirements</big></h4>
2073 <big> This target ensures that certain
2075 of the makefile are present. It complains and aborts the make if
2078 <h4><big>post_compilation</big></h4>
2079 <big> This target finalizes the
2082 the postconditions script. If PROMOTE is true, then the final
2084 are copied into the repository.
2086 <h4><big>pre_compilation</big></h4>
2087 <big> This target executes the
2088 preconditions script
2089 to set up the compilation's output directories.
2091 <h4><big>rebuild</big></h4>
2092 <big> This target performs the actions of
2094 This mainly involves touching all of the files in SOURCE before the
2098 <h2><big><a name="CPP_SCRIPTS"></a><u>C++ Specific Files</u></big></h2>
2100 <h4><big>postconditions.sh</big></h4>
2101 <big> After a compilation has succeeded,
2104 script performs the final actions required. The nature of these
2106 depends on the type of project being made. For a library project,
2107 the script copies the headers to the project's include directory and
2109 libraries to the appropriate locations. For application and test
2110 program targets, the script copies the final products to the
2112 repository directory.
2114 <h4><big>preconditions.sh</big></h4>
2115 <big> Before any targets are compiled, the
2117 script ensures that the appropriate output directories exist for the
2119 The script also calls the version utilities to update the project's
2121 file and to create any required resource files.<br>
2123 <h4><big>rebuild_oldies.sh</big></h4>
2124 <big> Used for compilers that support
2127 in one invocation. This is launched to compile a batch of sources
2129 catch any errors.<br>
2131 <hr noshade="noshade" size="8" width="100%">
2132 <center><small></small>
2133 <h2><big><a name="EXAMPLES"></a>CLAM Example Makefiles</big></h2>
2134 <small></small></center>
2135 <big> These examples show some common
2137 how is used. The makefiles below are actually used in real
2141 <h3><big>Library-Only Makefile</big></h3>
2142 <big>This example creates a dynamic library.
2145 <small> </small><big> <tt>include cpp/variables.def</tt> </big><small>
2147 <p><big><tt>PROJECT = mechanisms</tt><br>
2148 <tt>TYPE = library</tt> <br>
2149 <tt>SOURCE = delayer.cpp eventmgr.cpp event_po.cpp heartbea.cpp
2152 <tt> libmain.cpp monitor.cpp semaphor.cpp state_ma.cpp
2154 time_sta.cpp</tt> <br>
2155 <tt>TARGETS = mechanisms.dll</tt> <br>
2156 <tt>LOCAL_LIBS_USED = basis</tt> <br>
2157 <tt>DEFINITIONS += BUILD_MECHANISMS USE_HOOPLE_DLLS</tt> </big></p>
2158 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
2159 <p><big><tt>include cpp/rules.def</tt></big></p>
2160 <small> </small><small></small>
2162 <big>The dynamic library created here is mechanisms.dll. The
2165 in also. The file "roller.cpp" will also be copied to the build
2167 include path, presumably since it is a template code file.
2169 <h3><big>Library Plus Executable Makefile</big></h3>
2170 <big>This example shows the basis makefile with a couple of test
2176 <small> </small><big> <tt>include cpp/variables.def</tt> </big><small>
2178 <p><big><tt>PROJECT = basis</tt> <br>
2179 <tt>TYPE = library</tt> <br>
2180 <tt>SOURCE = chaos.cpp checkup.cpp guards.cpp \</tt> <br>
2181 <tt> istring.cpp itime.cpp logger.cpp matrix.cpp
2182 portable.cpp \</tt> <br>
2183 <tt> realtime.cpp textdump.cpp timezone.cpp utility.cpp \</tt> <br>
2184 <tt> version_checker.cpp version_record.cpp</tt> <br>
2185 <tt>TARGETS = basis.lib t_string.exe t_alloc.exe</tt> </big></p>
2186 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
2187 <p><big><tt>include cpp/rules.def</tt></big></p>
2188 <small> </small><small></small>
2190 <big>Note that the executables
2191 "t_string.exe" and "t_alloc.exe" require files called "t_string.cpp"
2193 "t_alloc.cpp" to exist. These files are expected to contain the
2195 or "WinMain()" functions (or the MFC application object). All of
2197 files in the SOURCE variable will be included in each final executable.
2199 <h3><big>Executable-Only Makefile</big></h3>
2200 <big>This example is produces several test programs that exercise
2206 <small> </small><big> <tt>include cpp/variables.def</tt> </big><small>
2208 <p><big><tt>PROJECT = t_basis</tt> <br>
2209 <tt>TYPE = test</tt> <br>
2210 <tt>SOURCE = instance.cpp t_basis.rc</tt> <br>
2211 <tt>TARGETS = t_alloc.exe t_chaos.exe t_checku.exe t_dattim.exe \</tt>
2213 <tt> t_matrix.exe t_sequen.exe t_sorts.exe t_string.exe \</tt> <br>
2214 <tt> t_texdmp.exe</tt> <br>
2215 <tt>LOCAL_LIBS_USED = basis</tt> </big></p>
2216 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
2217 <p><big><tt>include cpp/rules.def</tt></big></p>
2218 <small> </small><small></small>
2220 <big>The programs "t_alloc.exe" and so on will require C++ files
2223 prefix (t_alloc.cpp) to contain the main program (as in the previous
2225 The items in the SOURCE list will be included in each executable, and
2227 basis library will be linked in.
2229 <h2><big><a name="CLAM_HINTS"></a>CLAM Hints</big></h2>
2230 <big> This section
2231 is devoted to untangling snags that have been encountered in the
2233 Hopefully problems you encounter will be discussed here. Please
2235 any new problems found to the <a href="#lib_manager">library administrator</a>.
2237 <h3><big>Problem:</big></h3>
2238 <big> A message like:
2241 <small> </small><big> </big><small> </small>
2243 <small> </small><big>make: *** No rule to make target
2244 `o:/x86_w32_rel/project/final/myproj.dll',
2245 needed by `all'. Stop. </big><small> </small>
2247 <small> </small><small></small>
2249 <big>is displayed during a make.
2251 <h3><big>Solution:</big></h3>
2252 <big> The most frequent reason for
2255 similar to the above is that there is a file listed in SOURCE that
2257 does not exist or that is capitalized differently from how it is
2259 Check that all the files in SOURCE are in the makefile's directory and
2260 that the exact spelling of those files (including their case) is
2263 Another potential cause of this problem is
2264 if a file is included in the SOURCE that does not
2266 The standard compilable files are supported (*.cpp, *.c, *.rc), but it
2267 is possible that a makefile must handle a non-standard extension (such
2268 as *.idl). Either the user's makefile must supply a rule for
2270 this type of file or the user must negotiate with the
2272 to get that type of target added to the support.
2274 <h3><big>Problem:</big></h3>
2275 <big> Clam is complaining about programs
2280 <h3><big>Solution:</big></h3>
2281 <big> The most frequent cause of this
2284 not being on your path. The compilation tools bin (~/hoople/bin)
2285 directory must be in
2288 Problems are occasionally seen when the PATH
2289 contains directory names that have spaces in them. Try using the
2290 shorter 8.3 form of the directory name.
2292 An even more obscure situation sometimes
2293 occurs: paths with networked drives seem to somehow hide paths with
2295 are listed later in the PATH variable. The cause of this is
2297 although it was thought to be caused by NetWare at one point. To
2299 the situation, move the local paths before the networked ones.<br>
2302 <hr noshade="noshade" size="8" width="100%">
2303 <center><small></small>
2304 <h2><big><a name="ACKS"></a>Acknowledgements</big></h2>
2305 <small></small></center>
2306 <center><big>Thanks to April Bly Monnen for the wonderful cover
2308 </big><small></small>
2309 <p><big>Thanks to Kevin Wika for some early help with makefiles.
2311 <small></small><big><big>
2312 </big></big><small></small>
2313 <hr noshade="noshade" size="8" width="100%"></center>