Merge branch 'testing' into dev
[feisty_meow.git] / examples / cpp_grammar_code / CxxParser.y
diff --git a/examples/cpp_grammar_code/CxxParser.y b/examples/cpp_grammar_code/CxxParser.y
deleted file mode 100644 (file)
index 44cb9d8..0000000
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1162 +0,0 @@
-/* This is a yacc-able parser for the entire ISO C++ grammar with no unresolved conflicts. */
-/* The parse is SYNTACTICALLY consistent and requires no template or type name assistance.
- * The grammar in the C++ standard notes that its grammar is a superset of the true
- * grammar requiring semantic constraints to resolve ambiguities. This grammar is a really big
- * superset unifying expressions and declarations, eliminating the type/non-type distinction,
- * and iterating to find a consistent solution to the template/arith,metoic < ambiguity.
- * As a result the grammar is much simpler, but requires the missing semantic constraints to be
- * performed in a subsequent semantic pass, which is of course where they belong. This grammar will
- * support conversion of C++ tokens into an Abstract Syntax Tree. A lot of further work is required to
- * make that tree useful.
- *
- * The principles behind this grammar are described in my thesis on Meta-Compilation for C++, which
- * may be found via http://www.computing.surrey.ac.uk/research/dsrg/fog/FogThesis.html.
- *
- *  Author:         E.D.Willink             Ed.Willink@rrl.co.uk
- *  Date:           19-Jun-2001
- */
-/*StartTester*/
-%{
-#include <CxxParsing.hxx>
-%}
-/*EndTester*/
-/*
- * The lexer (and/or a preprocessor) is expected to identify the following
- *
- *  Punctuation:
- */
-%type <keyword> '+' '-' '*' '/' '%' '^' '&' '|' '~' '!' '<'  '>' '=' ':' '[' ']' '{' '}' '(' ')'
-%type <keyword> '?' '.' '\'' '\"' '\\' '@' '$' ';' ','
-/*
- *  Punctuation sequences
- */
-%term <keyword> ARROW ARROW_STAR DEC EQ GE INC LE LOG_AND LOG_OR NE SHL SHR
-%term <keyword> ASS_ADD ASS_AND ASS_DIV ASS_MOD ASS_MUL ASS_OR ASS_SHL ASS_SHR ASS_SUB ASS_XOR
-%term <keyword> DOT_STAR ELLIPSIS SCOPE
-/*
- *  Reserved words
- */
-%term <access_specifier> PRIVATE PROTECTED PUBLIC
-%term <built_in_id> BOOL CHAR DOUBLE FLOAT INT LONG SHORT SIGNED UNSIGNED VOID WCHAR_T
-%term <class_key> CLASS ENUM NAMESPACE STRUCT TYPENAME UNION
-%term <cv_qualifiers> CONST VOLATILE
-%term <decl_specifier_id> AUTO EXPLICIT EXPORT EXTERN FRIEND INLINE MUTABLE REGISTER STATIC TEMPLATE TYPEDEF USING VIRTUAL
-%term <keyword> ASM BREAK CASE CATCH CONST_CAST CONTINUE DEFAULT DELETE DO DYNAMIC_CAST
-%term <keyword> ELSE FALSE FOR GOTO IF NEW OPERATOR REINTERPRET_CAST RETURN
-%term <keyword> SIZEOF STATIC_CAST SWITCH THIS THROW TRUE TRY TYPEID WHILE
-/*
- *  Parametric values.
- */
-%term <character_literal> CharacterLiteral
-%term <floating_literal> FloatingLiteral
-%term <identifier> Identifier
-%term <integer_literal> IntegerLiteral
-%term <number_literal> NumberLiteral
-%term <string_literal> StringLiteral
-/*
- *  The lexer need not treat '0' as distinct from IntegerLiteral in the hope that pure-specifier can
- *  be distinguished, It isn't. Semantic rescue from = constant-expression is necessary.
- *
- *  The lexer is not required to distinguish template or type names, although a slight simplification to the
- *  grammar and elaboration of the action rules could make good use of template name information.
- *
- *  In return for not needing to use semantic information, the lexer must support back-tracking, which
- *  is easily achieved by a simple linear buffer, a reference implementation of which may be found in the
- *  accompanying CxxParsing.cxx. Back-tracking is used to support:
- *
- *  Binary search for a consistent parse of the template/arithmetic ambiguity.
- *      start_search() initialises the search
- *      advance_search() iterates the search
- *      end_search() cleans up after a search
- *      template_test() maintains context during a search
- *
- *  Lookahead to resolve the inheritance/anonymous bit-field similarity
- *      mark() saves the starting context
- *      unmark() pops it
- *      rewind_colon() restores the context and forces the missing :
- *
- *  Lookahead to resolve type 1 function parameter ambiguities
- *      mark_type1() potentially marks the starting position
- *      mark() marks the pre { position
- *      remark() rewinds to the starting position
- *      unmark() pops the starting position
- *
- *  Note that lookaheads may nest. 
- */
-
-/*
- *  The parsing philosophy is unusual. The major ambiguities are resolved by creating a unified superset
- *  grammar rather than non-overlapping subgrammars. Thus the grammar for parameter-declaration covers an
- *  assignment-expression. Minor ambiguities whose resolution by supersetting would create more
- *  ambiguities are resolved the normal way with partitioned subgrammars.
- *  This eliminates the traditional expression/declaration and constructor/parenthesised declarator
- *  ambiguities at the syntactic level. A subsequent semantic level has to sort the problems out.
- *  The generality introduces four bogus ambiguities and defers the cast ambiguity for resolution
- *  once semantic information is available.
- *
- *  The C++ grammar comprises 561 rules and uses 897 states in yacc, with 0 unresolved conflicts.
- *  23 conflicts from 10 ambiguities are resolved by 8 %prec's, so that yacc and bison report 0 conflicts.
- *
- *  The ambiguities are:
- *  1) dangling else resolved to inner-most if
- *      1 conflict in 1 state on else
- *  2) < as start-template or less-than
- *      1 conflict in 1 states on <
- *  3) a :: b :: c resolved to favour a::b::c rather than a::b ::c or a ::b::c
- *      1 conflicts in 1 state for ::
- *  4) pointer operators maximised at end of conversion id/new in preference to binary operators
- *      2 conflicts in 4 states on * and &
- *  5a) (a)@b resolved to favour binary a@b rather than cast unary (a)(@b)
- *  5b) (a)(b) resolved to favour cast rather than call
- *      8 conflicts in 1 state for the 8 prefix operators: 6 unaries and ( and [.
- *  6) enum name { resolved to enum-specifier rather than function
- *      1 conflict in 1 state on {
- *  7) class name { resolved to class-specifier rather than function
- *      1 conflict in 1 state on {
- *  8) extern "C" resolved to linkage-specification rather than declaration
- *      1 conflict in 1 state on StringLiteral
- *  9) class X : forced to go through base-clause look-ahead
- *      1 conflict in 1 state on :
- *  10) id : forced to label_statement rather than constructor_head
- *      0 conflicts - but causes a double state for 2)
- *  of which
- *      1 is a fundamental C conflict - always correctly resolved
- *          can be removed - see the Java spec
- *      2, 3, 4 are fundamental C++ conflicts
- *          2 always consistently resolved by iteration
- *          3 always correctly resolved
- *          4 always correctly resolved
- *      5 is a result of not using type information - deferred for semantic repair
- *      6,7 are caused by parsing over-generous superset - always correctly resolved
- *      8 is caused by parsing over-generous superset - always correctly resolved
- *          can be removed at the expense of 7 rules and 5 states.
- *      9 is a look-ahead trick - always correctly resolved
- *          could be removed by marking one token sooner
- *      10 is caused by parsing over-generous superset - always correctly resolved
- *
- *  The hard problem of distinguishing
- *      class A { class B : C, D, E {           -- A::B privately inherits C, D and E
- *      class A { class B : C, D, E ;           -- C is width of anon bit-field
- *  is resolved by using a lookahead that assumes inheritance and rewinds for the bit-field.
- *
- *  The potential shift-reduce conflict on > is resolved by flattening part of the expression grammar
- *  to know when the next > is template end or arithmetic >.
- *
- *  The grammar is SYNTACTICALLY context-free with respect to type. No semantic assistance is required
- *  during syntactic analysis. However the cast ambiguity is deferred and must be recovered
- *  after syntactic analysis of a statement has completed. 
- *
- *  The grammar is SYNTACTICALLY context-free with respect to template-names. This is achieved by
- *  organising a binary search over all possible template/arithmetic ambiguities with respect to
- *  the enclosing statement. This is potentially exponentially inefficient but well-behaved in practice.
- *  Approximately 1% of statements trigger a search and approximately 1% of those are misparsed,
- *  requiring the semantic analysis to check and correct once template information is available.
- *  1.5 parse attempts are required on average per ambiguous statement.
- *
- *  The grammar supports type I function declarations at severe impediment to efficiency. A lookahead
- *  has to be performed after almost every non-statement close parenthesis. A one-line plus corollary
- *  change to postfix_expression is commented and strongly recommended to make this grammar as
- *  efficient as the rather large number of reduction levels permits.
- *
- *  Error recovery occurs mostly at the statement/declaration level. Recovery also occurs at
- *  the list-element level where this poses no hazard to statement/declaration level recovery. 
- *  Note that since error propagation interacts with the lookaheads for template iteration or
- *  type 1 function arguments, introduction of finer grained error recovery may repair a false
- *  parse and so cause a misparse.
- *
- *  The following syntactic analysis errors occur, but are correctable semantically:
- *  (cast)unary-op expr         is parsed as (parenthesised)binary-op expr
- *      The semantic test should look for a binary/call with a (type) as its left child.
- *  (parenthesised)(arguments)  is parsed as (cast)(parenthesised)
- *      The semantic test should look for a cast with a non-type as its left child.
- *  template < and arithmetic < may be cross-parsed (unless semnatic help is provided)
- *      approximately 0.01% are misparsed, and must be sorted out - not easy.
- *
- *  The syntactic analysis defers the following ambiguities for semantic resolution:
- *  declaration/expression is parsed as a unified concept
- *      Use type and context to complete the parse.
- *  ~class-name                 is parsed as unary~ name
- *      The semantic test should look for ~ with a type as its child.
- *  delete[] expr               is parsed as delete []expr
- *      The semantic test should look for delete with a [] cast of its child.
- *  operator new/delete[]       are parsed as array of operator new/delete
- *      The semantic test should look for array of operator new/delete
- *      or activate the two extra commented rules in operator
- *  template of an explicit_instantiation is buried deep in the tree
- *      dig it out 
- *  pure-specifier and constant-initializer are covered by assignment-expression
- *      just another of the deferred declaration/expression ambiguities
- *  sizeof and typeid don't distinguish type/value syntaxes
- *      probably makes life polymorphically easier
- */
-/*  Action code is supplied by a large number of YACC_xxx macros that can be redefined
- *  by rewriting the include file rather than the grammar. The number of macros is
- *  slightly reduced by using the following protocols
- *
- *  YACC_LIST(0,0)      create empty list (may safely return 0).
- *  YACC_LIST(0,E)      create new list with content E (may return 0 if above returned non-0).
- *  YACC_LIST(L,E)      add E to L
- *  YACC_LIST(L,0)      error propagation, adding nothing to L.
- */
-%type <bang> bang
-%type <mark> colon_mark mark mark_type1
-%type <nest> nest
-
-%type <access_specifier> access_specifier
-%type <base_specifier> base_specifier
-%type <base_specifiers> base_specifier_list
-%type <built_in_id> built_in_type_id built_in_type_specifier
-%type <_class> class_specifier_head
-%type <class_key> class_key
-%type <condition> condition condition.opt
-%type <cv_qualifiers> cv_qualifier cv_qualifier_seq.opt
-%type <decl_specifier_id>  decl_specifier_affix decl_specifier_prefix decl_specifier_suffix function_specifier storage_class_specifier
-%type <declaration> accessibility_specifier asm_definition block_declaration declaration explicit_specialization
-%type <declaration> looped_declaration looping_declaration namespace_alias_definition
-%type <declaration> specialised_block_declaration specialised_declaration template_declaration using_directive
-%type <declarations> compound_declaration declaration_seq.opt
-%type <declarator> nested_ptr_operator ptr_operator
-%type <delete_expression> delete_expression
-%type <enumerator> enumerator_definition
-%type <enumerators> enumerator_clause enumerator_list enumerator_list_head
-%type <exception_declaration> exception_declaration
-%type <exception_specification> exception_specification
-%type <expression> abstract_declarator.opt abstract_expression abstract_parameter_declaration abstract_pointer_declaration
-%type <expression> additive_expression and_expression assignment_expression
-%type <expression> bit_field_declaration bit_field_init_declaration bit_field_width boolean_literal
-%type <expression> cast_expression conditional_expression constant_expression conversion_type_id ctor_definition
-%type <expression> direct_abstract_declarator direct_abstract_declarator.opt direct_new_declarator
-%type <expression> equality_expression exclusive_or_expression expression expression.opt
-%type <expression> for_init_statement func_definition function_definition 
-%type <expression> inclusive_or_expression init_declaration literal logical_and_expression logical_or_expression
-%type <expression> multiplicative_expression new_declarator new_type_id
-%type <expression> pm_expression postfix_expression primary_expression ptr_operator_seq ptr_operator_seq.opt
-%type <expression> relational_expression shift_expression simple_declaration special_parameter_declaration
-%type <expression> templated_throw_expression throw_expression templated_abstract_declaration templated_and_expression 
-%type <expression>templated_assignment_expression templated_conditional_expression templated_equality_expression
-%type <expression> templated_exclusive_or_expression templated_expression templated_inclusive_or_expression templated_logical_and_expression
-%type <expression> templated_logical_or_expression templated_relational_expression type_id unary_expression
-%type <expressions> constructor_head expression_list expression_list.opt init_declarations
-%type <expressions> new_initializer.opt templated_expression_list type_id_list
-%type <function_body> function_block function_body function_try_block try_block
-%type <handler> handler
-%type <handlers> handler_seq
-%type <initializer_clause> braced_initializer initializer_clause looped_initializer_clause looping_initializer_clause
-%type <initializer_clauses> initializer_list
-%type <is_template> global_scope
-%type <keyword> assignment_operator
-%type <line> start_search start_search1
-%type <mem_initializer> mem_initializer
-%type <mem_initializers> ctor_initializer ctor_initializer.opt mem_initializer_list mem_initializer_list_head
-%type <name> class_specifier conversion_function_id declarator_id destructor_id
-%type <name> elaborated_class_specifier elaborated_enum_specifier elaborated_type_specifier elaborate_type_specifier
-%type <name> enum_specifier enumerator id identifier_word id_scope identifier linkage_specification
-%type <name> namespace_definition nested_id nested_pseudo_destructor_id nested_special_function_id
-%type <name> mem_initializer_id operator operator_function_id pseudo_destructor_id scoped_id scoped_pseudo_destructor_id scoped_special_function_id
-%type <name> simple_type_specifier special_function_id suffix_built_in_decl_specifier suffix_named_decl_specifier.bi
-%type <name> suffix_built_in_decl_specifier.raw suffix_decl_specified_ids suffix_named_decl_specifiers
-%type <name> suffix_named_decl_specifiers.sf suffix_decl_specified_scope suffix_named_decl_specifier
-%type <name> template_id type_specifier
-%type <new_expression> new_expression
-%type <parameter> parameter_declaration templated_parameter_declaration
-%type <parameters> parameters_clause parameter_declaration_clause parameter_declaration_list
-%type <parenthesised> parenthesis_clause
-%type <pointer_declarator> star_ptr_operator
-%type <simple_type_parameter> simple_type_parameter
-%type <statement> compound_statement control_statement declaration_statement iteration_statement jump_statement
-%type <statement> labeled_statement looped_statement looping_statement selection_statement statement
-%type <statements> statement_seq.opt
-%type <strings> string
-%type <template_argument> template_argument
-%type <template_arguments> template_argument_list
-%type <template_parameter> template_parameter
-%type <template_parameters> template_parameter_clause template_parameter_list
-%type <templated_type_parameter> templated_type_parameter
-%type <type1_parameters> type1_parameters
-%type <utility> util
-
-/*
- *  C++ productions replaced by more generalised FOG productions
- */
-%type <declaration> looped_member_declaration looping_member_declaration member_declaration using_declaration
-%type <declarations> member_specification.opt
-%type <expression> member_init_declaration simple_member_declaration
-%type <expressions> member_init_declarations
-
-\f
-%nonassoc SHIFT_THERE
-%nonassoc SCOPE ELSE INC DEC '+' '-' '*' '&' '[' '{' '<' ':' StringLiteral
-%nonassoc REDUCE_HERE_MOSTLY
-%nonassoc '('
-/*%nonassoc REDUCE_HERE */
-
-%start translation_unit
-%%
-
-/*
- *  The %prec resolves a conflict in identifier_word : which is forced to be a shift of a label for
- *  a labeled-statement rather than a reduction for the name of a bit-field or generalised constructor.
- *  This is pretty dubious syntactically but correct for all semantic possibilities.
- *  The shift is only activated when the ambiguity exists at the start of a statement. In this context
- *  a bit-field declaration or constructor definition are not allowed.
- */
-identifier_word:                    Identifier                                                  { $$ = $1; }
-identifier:                         identifier_word                     %prec SHIFT_THERE
-/*
- *  The %prec resolves the $014.2-3 ambiguity:
- *  Identifier '<' is forced to go through the is-it-a-template-name test
- *  All names absorb TEMPLATE with the name, so that no template_test is performed for them.
- *  This requires all potential declarations within an expression to perpetuate this policy
- *  and thereby guarantee the ultimate coverage of explicit_instantiation.
- */
-id:                                 identifier                          %prec SHIFT_THERE       /* Force < through test */ { $$ = YACC_NAME($1); }
-    |                               identifier template_test '+' template_argument_list '>'     { $$ = YACC_TEMPLATE_NAME($1, $4); }
-    |                               identifier template_test '+' '>'                            { $$ = $1; ERRMSG("Empty template-argument-list"); }
-    |                               identifier template_test '-'                                /* requeued < follows */  { $$ = YACC_NAME($1); }
-    |                               template_id 
-template_test:                      '<'             /* Queue '+' or '-' < as follow on */       { template_test(); }
-global_scope:                       SCOPE                                                       { $$ = IS_DEFAULT; }
-    |                               TEMPLATE global_scope                                       { $$ = IS_TEMPLATE; }
-id_scope:                           id SCOPE                                                    { $$ = YACC_NESTED_SCOPE($1); }
-/*
- *  A :: B :: C; is ambiguous How much is type and how much name ?
- *  The %prec maximises the (type) length which is the $07.1-2 semantic constraint.
- */
-nested_id:                          id                                  %prec SHIFT_THERE       /* Maximise length */
-    |                               id_scope nested_id                                          { $$ = YACC_NESTED_ID($1, $2); }
-scoped_id:                          nested_id
-    |                               global_scope nested_id                                      { $$ = YACC_GLOBAL_ID($1, $2); }
-
-/*
- *  destructor_id has to be held back to avoid a conflict with a one's complement as per $05.3.1-9,
- *  It gets put back only when scoped or in a declarator_id, which is only used as an explicit member name.
- *  Declarations of an unscoped destructor are always parsed as a one's complement.
- */
-destructor_id:                      '~' id                                                      { $$ = YACC_DESTRUCTOR_ID($2); }
-    |                               TEMPLATE destructor_id                                      { $$ = YACC_SET_TEMPLATE_ID($2); }
-special_function_id:                conversion_function_id
-    |                               operator_function_id
-    |                               TEMPLATE special_function_id                                { $$ = YACC_SET_TEMPLATE_ID($2); }
-nested_special_function_id:         special_function_id
-    |                               id_scope destructor_id                                      { $$ = YACC_NESTED_ID($1, $2); }
-    |                               id_scope nested_special_function_id                         { $$ = YACC_NESTED_ID($1, $2); }
-scoped_special_function_id:         nested_special_function_id
-    |                               global_scope nested_special_function_id                     { $$ = YACC_GLOBAL_ID($1, $2); }
-
-/* declarator-id is all names in all scopes, except reserved words */
-declarator_id:                      scoped_id
-    |                               scoped_special_function_id
-    |                               destructor_id
-
-/*  The standard defines pseudo-destructors in terms of type-name, which is class/enum/typedef, of which
- *  class-name is covered by a normal destructor. pseudo-destructors are supposed to support ~int() in
- *  templates, so the grammar here covers built-in names. Other names are covered by the lack of
- *  identifier/type discrimination.
- */
-built_in_type_id:                   built_in_type_specifier
-    |                               built_in_type_id built_in_type_specifier                    { $$ = YACC_BUILT_IN_IDS($1, $2); }
-pseudo_destructor_id:               built_in_type_id SCOPE '~' built_in_type_id                 { $$ = YACC_PSEUDO_DESTRUCTOR_ID($1, $4); }
-    |                               '~' built_in_type_id                                        { $$ = YACC_PSEUDO_DESTRUCTOR_ID(0, $2); }
-    |                               TEMPLATE pseudo_destructor_id                               { $$ = YACC_SET_TEMPLATE_ID($2); }
-nested_pseudo_destructor_id:        pseudo_destructor_id
-    |                               id_scope nested_pseudo_destructor_id                        { $$ = YACC_NESTED_ID($1, $2); }
-scoped_pseudo_destructor_id:        nested_pseudo_destructor_id
-    |                               global_scope scoped_pseudo_destructor_id                    { $$ = YACC_GLOBAL_ID($1, $2); }
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * A.2 Lexical conventions
- *---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-/*
- *  String concatenation is a phase 6, not phase 7 activity so does not really belong in the grammar.
- *  However it may be convenient to have it here to make this grammar fully functional.
- *  Unfortunately it introduces a conflict with the generalised parsing of extern "C" which
- *  is correctly resolved to maximise the string length as the token source should do anyway.
- */
-string:                             StringLiteral                                               { $$ = $1; }
-/*string:                           StringLiteral                           %prec SHIFT_THERE   { $$ = YACC_STRINGS($1, 0); } */
-/*  |                               StringLiteral string  -- Perverse order avoids conflicts -- { $$ = YACC_STRINGS($1, $2); } */
-literal:                            IntegerLiteral                                              { $$ = YACC_INTEGER_LITERAL_EXPRESSION($1); }
-    |                               CharacterLiteral                                            { $$ = YACC_CHARACTER_LITERAL_EXPRESSION($1); }
-    |                               FloatingLiteral                                             { $$ = YACC_FLOATING_LITERAL_EXPRESSION($1); }
-    |                               string                                                      { $$ = YACC_STRING_LITERAL_EXPRESSION($1); }
-    |                               boolean_literal
-boolean_literal:                    FALSE                                                       { $$ = YACC_FALSE_EXPRESSION(); }
-    |                               TRUE                                                        { $$ = YACC_TRUE_EXPRESSION(); }
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * A.3 Basic concepts
- *---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-translation_unit:                   declaration_seq.opt                                         { YACC_RESULT($1); }
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * A.4 Expressions
- *---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- *  primary_expression covers an arbitrary sequence of all names with the exception of an unscoped destructor,
- *  which is parsed as its unary expression which is the correct disambiguation (when ambiguous).
- *  This eliminates the traditional A(B) meaning A B ambiguity, since we never have to tack an A onto
- *  the front of something that might start with (. The name length got maximised ab initio. The downside
- *  is that semantic interpretation must split the names up again.
- *
- *  Unification of the declaration and expression syntax means that unary and binary pointer declarator operators:
- *      int * * name
- *  are parsed as binary and unary arithmetic operators (int) * (*name). Since type information is not used
- *  ambiguities resulting from a cast
- *      (cast)*(value)
- *  are resolved to favour the binary rather than the cast unary to ease AST clean-up.
- *  The cast-call ambiguity must be resolved to the cast to ensure that (a)(b)c can be parsed.
- *
- *  The problem of the functional cast ambiguity
- *      name(arg)
- *  as call or declaration is avoided by maximising the name within the parsing kernel. So
- *  primary_id_expression picks up 
- *      extern long int const var = 5;
- *  as an assignment to the syntax parsed as "extern long int const var". The presence of two names is
- *  parsed so that "extern long into const" is distinguished from "var" considerably simplifying subsequent
- *  semantic resolution.
- *
- *  The generalised name is a concatenation of potential type-names (scoped identifiers or built-in sequences)
- *  plus optionally one of the special names such as an operator-function-id, conversion-function-id or
- *  destructor as the final name. 
- */
-primary_expression:                 literal
-    |                               THIS                                                    { $$ = YACC_THIS_EXPRESSION(); }
-    |                               suffix_decl_specified_ids                               { $$ = $1; }
-/*  |                               SCOPE identifier                                        -- covered by suffix_decl_specified_ids */
-/*  |                               SCOPE operator_function_id                              -- covered by suffix_decl_specified_ids */
-/*  |                               SCOPE qualified_id                                      -- covered by suffix_decl_specified_ids */
-    |                               abstract_expression           %prec REDUCE_HERE_MOSTLY  /* Prefer binary to unary ops, cast to call */
-/*  |                               id_expression                                           -- covered by suffix_decl_specified_ids */
-
-/*
- *  Abstract-expression covers the () and [] of abstract-declarators.
- */
-abstract_expression:                parenthesis_clause                                      { $$ = YACC_ABSTRACT_FUNCTION_EXPRESSION($1); }
-    |                               '[' expression.opt ']'                                  { $$ = YACC_ABSTRACT_ARRAY_EXPRESSION($2); }
-    |                               TEMPLATE parenthesis_clause                             { $$ = YACC_SET_TEMPLATE_EXPRESSION(YACC_ABSTRACT_FUNCTION_EXPRESSION($2)); }
-
-/*  Type I function parameters are ambiguous with respect to the generalised name, so we have to do a lookahead following
- *  any function-like parentheses. This unfortunately hits normal code, so kill the -- lines and add the ++ lines for efficiency.
- *  Supporting Type I code under the superset causes perhaps 25% of lookahead parsing. Sometimes complete class definitions
- *  get traversed since they are valid generalised type I parameters!
- */
-type1_parameters:       /*----*/    parameter_declaration_list ';'                          { $$ = YACC_TYPE1_PARAMETERS(0, $1); }
-    |                   /*----*/    type1_parameters parameter_declaration_list ';'         { $$ = YACC_TYPE1_PARAMETERS($1, $2); }
-mark_type1:                         /* empty */                                             { $$ = mark_type1(); }
-postfix_expression:                 primary_expression
-/*  |                   /++++++/    postfix_expression parenthesis_clause                   { $$ = YACC_CALL_EXPRESSION($1, $2); } */
-    |                   /*----*/    postfix_expression parenthesis_clause mark_type1 '-'    { $$ = YACC_CALL_EXPRESSION($1, $2); }
-    |                   /*----*/    postfix_expression parenthesis_clause mark_type1 '+' type1_parameters mark '{' error 
-                        /*----*/                    { yyerrok; remark_type1($6); unmark(); unmark($5); $$ = YACC_TYPE1_EXPRESSION($1, $2, $5); }
-    |                   /*----*/    postfix_expression parenthesis_clause mark_type1 '+' type1_parameters mark error 
-                        /*----*/                    { yyerrok; remark_type1($3); unmark(); unmark(); $$ = YACC_CALL_EXPRESSION($1, $2); }
-    |                   /*----*/    postfix_expression parenthesis_clause mark_type1 '+' error
-                        /*----*/                    { yyerrok; remark_type1($3); unmark(); $$ = YACC_CALL_EXPRESSION($1, $2); }
-    |                               postfix_expression '[' expression.opt ']'               { $$ = YACC_ARRAY_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-/*  |                               destructor_id '[' expression.opt ']'                    -- not semantically valid */
-/*  |                               destructor_id parenthesis_clause                        -- omitted to resolve known ambiguity */
-/*  |                               simple_type_specifier '(' expression_list.opt ')'       -- simple_type_specifier is a primary_expression */
-    |                               postfix_expression '.' declarator_id                    { $$ = YACC_DOT_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-/*  |                               postfix_expression '.' TEMPLATE declarator_id           -- TEMPLATE absorbed into declarator_id. */
-    |                               postfix_expression '.' scoped_pseudo_destructor_id      { $$ = YACC_DOT_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-    |                               postfix_expression ARROW declarator_id                  { $$ = YACC_ARROW_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-/*  |                               postfix_expression ARROW TEMPLATE declarator_id         -- TEMPLATE absorbed into declarator_id. */
-    |                               postfix_expression ARROW scoped_pseudo_destructor_id    { $$ = YACC_ARROW_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }   
-    |                               postfix_expression INC                                  { $$ = YACC_POST_INCREMENT_EXPRESSION($1); }
-    |                               postfix_expression DEC                                  { $$ = YACC_POST_DECREMENT_EXPRESSION($1); }
-    |                               DYNAMIC_CAST '<' type_id '>' '(' expression ')'         { $$ = YACC_DYNAMIC_CAST_EXPRESSION($3, $6); }
-    |                               STATIC_CAST '<' type_id '>' '(' expression ')'          { $$ = YACC_STATIC_CAST_EXPRESSION($3, $6); }
-    |                               REINTERPRET_CAST '<' type_id '>' '(' expression ')'     { $$ = YACC_REINTERPRET_CAST_EXPRESSION($3, $6); }
-    |                               CONST_CAST '<' type_id '>' '(' expression ')'           { $$ = YACC_CONST_CAST_EXPRESSION($3, $6); }
-    |                               TYPEID parameters_clause                                { $$ = YACC_TYPEID_EXPRESSION($2); }
-/*  |                               TYPEID '(' expression ')'                               -- covered by parameters_clause */
-/*  |                               TYPEID '(' type_id ')'                                  -- covered by parameters_clause */
-expression_list.opt:                /* empty */                                             { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSIONS(0, 0); }
-    |                               expression_list
-expression_list:                    assignment_expression                                   { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSIONS(0, $1); }
-    |                               expression_list ',' assignment_expression               { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSIONS($1, $3); }
-
-unary_expression:                   postfix_expression
-    |                               INC cast_expression                                     { $$ = YACC_PRE_INCREMENT_EXPRESSION($2); }
-    |                               DEC cast_expression                                     { $$ = YACC_PRE_DECREMENT_EXPRESSION($2); }
-    |                               ptr_operator cast_expression                            { $$ = YACC_POINTER_EXPRESSION($1, $2); }
-/*  |                               '*' cast_expression                                     -- covered by ptr_operator */
-/*  |                               '&' cast_expression                                     -- covered by ptr_operator */
-/*  |                               decl_specifier_seq '*' cast_expression                  -- covered by binary operator */
-/*  |                               decl_specifier_seq '&' cast_expression                  -- covered by binary operator */
-    |                               suffix_decl_specified_scope star_ptr_operator cast_expression   /* covers e.g int ::type::* const t = 4 */
-                                                                                            { $$ = YACC_SCOPED_POINTER_EXPRESSION($1, $2, $3); }
-    |                               '+' cast_expression                                     { $$ = YACC_PLUS_EXPRESSION($2); }
-    |                               '-' cast_expression                                     { $$ = YACC_MINUS_EXPRESSION($2); }
-    |                               '!' cast_expression                                     { $$ = YACC_NOT_EXPRESSION($2); }
-    |                               '~' cast_expression                                     { $$ = YACC_COMPLEMENT_EXPRESSION($2); }
-    |                               SIZEOF unary_expression                                 { $$ = YACC_SIZEOF_EXPRESSION($2); }
-/*  |                               SIZEOF '(' type_id ')'                                  -- covered by unary_expression */
-    |                               new_expression                                          { $$ = $1; }
-    |                               global_scope new_expression                             { $$ = YACC_GLOBAL_EXPRESSION($1, $2); }
-    |                               delete_expression                                       { $$ = $1; }
-    |                               global_scope delete_expression                          { $$ = YACC_GLOBAL_EXPRESSION($1, $2); }
-/*  |                               DELETE '[' ']' cast_expression       -- covered by DELETE cast_expression since cast_expression covers ... */
-/*  |                               SCOPE DELETE '[' ']' cast_expression //  ... abstract_expression cast_expression and so [] cast_expression */
-
-delete_expression:                  DELETE cast_expression                                  /* also covers DELETE[] cast_expression */
-                                                                                            { $$ = YACC_DELETE_EXPRESSION($2); }
-new_expression:                     NEW new_type_id new_initializer.opt                     { $$ = YACC_NEW_TYPE_ID_EXPRESSION(0, $2, $3); }
-    |                               NEW parameters_clause new_type_id new_initializer.opt   { $$ = YACC_NEW_TYPE_ID_EXPRESSION($2, $3, $4); }
-    |                               NEW parameters_clause                                   { $$ = YACC_NEW_EXPRESSION($2, 0, 0); }
-/*  |                               NEW '(' type-id ')'                                     -- covered by parameters_clause */
-    |                               NEW parameters_clause parameters_clause new_initializer.opt { $$ = YACC_NEW_EXPRESSION($2, $3, $4); }
-/*  |                               NEW '(' type-id ')' new_initializer                     -- covered by parameters_clause parameters_clause */
-/*  |                               NEW parameters_clause '(' type-id ')'                   -- covered by parameters_clause parameters_clause */
-                                                                                /* ptr_operator_seq.opt production reused to save a %prec */
-new_type_id:                        type_specifier ptr_operator_seq.opt                     { $$ = YACC_TYPED_EXPRESSION($1, $2); }
-    |                               type_specifier new_declarator                           { $$ = YACC_TYPED_EXPRESSION($1, $2); }
-    |                               type_specifier new_type_id                              { $$ = YACC_TYPED_EXPRESSION($1, $2); }
-new_declarator:                     ptr_operator new_declarator                             { $$ = YACC_POINTER_EXPRESSION($1, $2); }
-    |                               direct_new_declarator
-direct_new_declarator:              '[' expression ']'                                      { $$ = YACC_ABSTRACT_ARRAY_EXPRESSION($2); }
-    |                               direct_new_declarator '[' constant_expression ']'       { $$ = YACC_ARRAY_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-new_initializer.opt:                /* empty */                                             { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSIONS(0, 0); }
-    |                               '(' expression_list.opt ')'                             { $$ = $2; }
-
-/*  cast-expression is generalised to support a [] as well as a () prefix. This covers the omission of DELETE[] which when
- *  followed by a parenthesised expression was ambiguous. It also covers the gcc indexed array initialisation for free.
- */
-cast_expression:                    unary_expression
-    |                               abstract_expression cast_expression                         { $$ = YACC_CAST_EXPRESSION($1, $2); }
-/*  |                               '(' type_id ')' cast_expression                             -- covered by abstract_expression */
-
-pm_expression:                      cast_expression
-    |                               pm_expression DOT_STAR cast_expression                      { $$ = YACC_DOT_STAR_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-    |                               pm_expression ARROW_STAR cast_expression                    { $$ = YACC_ARROW_STAR_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-multiplicative_expression:          pm_expression
-    |                               multiplicative_expression star_ptr_operator pm_expression   { $$ = YACC_MULTIPLY_EXPRESSION($1, $2, $3); }
-    |                               multiplicative_expression '/' pm_expression                 { $$ = YACC_DIVIDE_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-    |                               multiplicative_expression '%' pm_expression                 { $$ = YACC_MODULUS_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-additive_expression:                multiplicative_expression
-    |                               additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression           { $$ = YACC_ADD_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-    |                               additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression           { $$ = YACC_SUBTRACT_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-shift_expression:                   additive_expression
-    |                               shift_expression SHL additive_expression                    { $$ = YACC_SHIFT_LEFT_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-    |                               shift_expression SHR additive_expression                    { $$ = YACC_SHIFT_RIGHT_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-relational_expression:              shift_expression
-    |                               relational_expression '<' shift_expression                  { $$ = YACC_LESS_THAN_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-    |                               relational_expression '>' shift_expression                  { $$ = YACC_GREATER_THAN_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-    |                               relational_expression LE shift_expression                   { $$ = YACC_LESS_EQUAL_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-    |                               relational_expression GE shift_expression                   { $$ = YACC_GREATER_EQUAL_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-equality_expression:                relational_expression
-    |                               equality_expression EQ relational_expression                { $$ = YACC_EQUAL_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-    |                               equality_expression NE relational_expression                { $$ = YACC_NOT_EQUAL_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-and_expression:                     equality_expression
-    |                               and_expression '&' equality_expression                      { $$ = YACC_AND_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-exclusive_or_expression:            and_expression
-    |                               exclusive_or_expression '^' and_expression                  { $$ = YACC_EXCLUSIVE_OR_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-inclusive_or_expression:            exclusive_or_expression
-    |                               inclusive_or_expression '|' exclusive_or_expression         { $$ = YACC_INCLUSIVE_OR_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-logical_and_expression:             inclusive_or_expression
-    |                               logical_and_expression LOG_AND inclusive_or_expression      { $$ = YACC_LOGICAL_AND_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-logical_or_expression:              logical_and_expression
-    |                               logical_or_expression LOG_OR logical_and_expression         { $$ = YACC_LOGICAL_OR_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-conditional_expression:             logical_or_expression
-    |                               logical_or_expression '?' expression ':' assignment_expression
-                                                                                                { $$ = YACC_CONDITIONAL_EXPRESSION($1, $3, $5); }
-
-/*  assignment-expression is generalised to cover the simple assignment of a braced initializer in order to contribute to the
- *  coverage of parameter-declaration and init-declaration.
- */
-assignment_expression:              conditional_expression
-    |                               logical_or_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression { $$ = YACC_ASSIGNMENT_EXPRESSION($1, $2, $3); }
-    |                               logical_or_expression '=' braced_initializer                    { $$ = YACC_ASSIGNMENT_EXPRESSION($1, $2, $3); }
-    |                               throw_expression
-assignment_operator:                '=' | ASS_ADD | ASS_AND | ASS_DIV | ASS_MOD | ASS_MUL | ASS_OR | ASS_SHL | ASS_SHR | ASS_SUB | ASS_XOR
-
-/*  expression is widely used and usually single-element, so the reductions are arranged so that a
- *  single-element expression is returned as is. Multi-element expressions are parsed as a list that
- *  may then behave polymorphically as an element or be compacted to an element. */ 
-expression.opt:                     /* empty */                                                 { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSION(0); }
-    |                               expression
-expression:                         assignment_expression
-    |                               expression_list ',' assignment_expression                   { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSION(YACC_EXPRESSIONS($1, $3)); }
-constant_expression:                conditional_expression
-
-/*  The grammar is repeated for when the parser stack knows that the next > must end a template.
- */
-templated_relational_expression:    shift_expression
-    |                               templated_relational_expression '<' shift_expression        { $$ = YACC_LESS_THAN_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-    |                               templated_relational_expression LE shift_expression         { $$ = YACC_LESS_EQUAL_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-    |                               templated_relational_expression GE shift_expression         { $$ = YACC_GREATER_EQUAL_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-templated_equality_expression:      templated_relational_expression
-    |                               templated_equality_expression EQ templated_relational_expression    { $$ = YACC_EQUAL_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-    |                               templated_equality_expression NE templated_relational_expression    { $$ = YACC_NOT_EQUAL_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-templated_and_expression:           templated_equality_expression
-    |                               templated_and_expression '&' templated_equality_expression  { $$ = YACC_AND_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-templated_exclusive_or_expression:  templated_and_expression
-    |                               templated_exclusive_or_expression '^' templated_and_expression
-                                                                                                { $$ = YACC_EXCLUSIVE_OR_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-templated_inclusive_or_expression:  templated_exclusive_or_expression
-    |                               templated_inclusive_or_expression '|' templated_exclusive_or_expression
-                                                                                                { $$ = YACC_INCLUSIVE_OR_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-templated_logical_and_expression:   templated_inclusive_or_expression
-    |                               templated_logical_and_expression LOG_AND templated_inclusive_or_expression
-                                                                                                { $$ = YACC_LOGICAL_AND_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-templated_logical_or_expression:    templated_logical_and_expression
-    |                               templated_logical_or_expression LOG_OR templated_logical_and_expression
-                                                                                                { $$ = YACC_LOGICAL_OR_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-templated_conditional_expression:   templated_logical_or_expression
-    |                               templated_logical_or_expression '?' templated_expression ':' templated_assignment_expression
-                                                                                                { $$ = YACC_CONDITIONAL_EXPRESSION($1, $3, $5); }
-templated_assignment_expression:    templated_conditional_expression
-    |                               templated_logical_or_expression assignment_operator templated_assignment_expression
-                                                                                                { $$ = YACC_ASSIGNMENT_EXPRESSION($1, $2, $3); }
-    |                               templated_throw_expression
-templated_expression:               templated_assignment_expression
-    |                               templated_expression_list ',' templated_assignment_expression
-                                                                                                { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSION(YACC_EXPRESSIONS($1, $3)); }
-templated_expression_list:          templated_assignment_expression                             { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSIONS(0, $1); }
-    |                               templated_expression_list ',' templated_assignment_expression    { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSIONS($1, $3); }
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * A.5 Statements
- *---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- *  Parsing statements is easy once simple_declaration has been generalised to cover expression_statement.
- */
-looping_statement:                  start_search looped_statement                               { $$ = YACC_LINED_STATEMENT($2, $1); end_search($$); }
-looped_statement:                   statement
-    |                               advance_search '+' looped_statement                         { $$ = $3; }
-    |                               advance_search '-'                                          { $$ = 0; }
-statement:                          control_statement
-/*  |                               expression_statement                                        -- covered by declaration_statement */
-    |                               compound_statement
-    |                               declaration_statement
-    |                               try_block                                                   { $$ = YACC_TRY_BLOCK_STATEMENT($1); }
-control_statement:                  labeled_statement
-    |                               selection_statement
-    |                               iteration_statement
-    |                               jump_statement
-labeled_statement:                  identifier_word ':' looping_statement                       { $$ = YACC_LABEL_STATEMENT($1, $3); }
-    |                               CASE constant_expression ':' looping_statement              { $$ = YACC_CASE_STATEMENT($2, $4); }
-    |                               DEFAULT ':' looping_statement                               { $$ = YACC_DEFAULT_STATEMENT($3); }
-/*expression_statement:             expression.opt ';'                                          -- covered by declaration_statement */
-compound_statement:                 '{' statement_seq.opt '}'                                   { $$ = YACC_COMPOUND_STATEMENT($2); }
-    |                               '{' statement_seq.opt looping_statement '#' bang error '}'  { $$ = $2; YACC_UNBANG($5, "Bad statement-seq."); }
-statement_seq.opt:                  /* empty */                                                 { $$ = YACC_STATEMENTS(0, 0); }
-    |                               statement_seq.opt looping_statement                         { $$ = YACC_STATEMENTS($1, YACC_COMPILE_STATEMENT($2)); }
-    |                               statement_seq.opt looping_statement '#' bang error ';'      { $$ = $1; YACC_UNBANG($4, "Bad statement."); }
-/*
- *  The dangling else conflict is resolved to the innermost if.
- */
-selection_statement:                IF '(' condition ')' looping_statement    %prec SHIFT_THERE { $$ = YACC_IF_STATEMENT($3, $5, 0); }
-    |                               IF '(' condition ')' looping_statement ELSE looping_statement { $$ = YACC_IF_STATEMENT($3, $5, $7); }
-    |                               SWITCH '(' condition ')' looping_statement                  { $$ = YACC_SWITCH_STATEMENT($3, $5); }
-condition.opt:                      /* empty */                                                 { $$ = YACC_CONDITION(0); }
-    |                               condition
-condition:                          parameter_declaration_list                                  { $$ = YACC_CONDITION($1); }
-/*  |                               expression                                                  -- covered by parameter_declaration_list */
-/*  |                               type_specifier_seq declarator '=' assignment_expression     -- covered by parameter_declaration_list */
-iteration_statement:                WHILE '(' condition ')' looping_statement                   { $$ = YACC_WHILE_STATEMENT($3, $5); }
-    |                               DO looping_statement WHILE '(' expression ')' ';'           { $$ = YACC_DO_WHILE_STATEMENT($2, $5); }
-    |                               FOR '(' for_init_statement condition.opt ';' expression.opt ')' looping_statement
-                                                                                                { $$ = YACC_FOR_STATEMENT($3, $4, $6, $8); }
-for_init_statement:                 simple_declaration
-/*  |                               expression_statement                                        -- covered by simple_declaration */
-jump_statement:                     BREAK ';'                                                   { $$ = YACC_BREAK_STATEMENT(); }
-    |                               CONTINUE ';'                                                { $$ = YACC_CONTINUE_STATEMENT(); }
-    |                               RETURN expression.opt ';'                                   { $$ = YACC_RETURN_STATEMENT($2); }
-    |                               GOTO identifier ';'                                         { $$ = YACC_GOTO_STATEMENT($2); }
-declaration_statement:              block_declaration                                           { $$ = YACC_DECLARATION_STATEMENT($1); }
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * A.6 Declarations
- *---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-compound_declaration:               '{' nest declaration_seq.opt '}'                            { $$ = $3; unnest($2); }
-    |                               '{' nest declaration_seq.opt util looping_declaration '#' bang error '}'
-                                                                                                { $$ = $3; unnest($2); YACC_UNBANG($7, "Bad declaration-seq."); }
-declaration_seq.opt:                /* empty */                                                 { $$ = YACC_DECLARATIONS(0, 0); }
-    |                               declaration_seq.opt util looping_declaration                { $$ = YACC_DECLARATIONS($1, YACC_COMPILE_DECLARATION($2, $3)); }
-    |                               declaration_seq.opt util looping_declaration '#' bang error ';' { $$ = $1; YACC_UNBANG($5, "Bad declaration."); }
-looping_declaration:                start_search1 looped_declaration                            { $$ = YACC_LINED_DECLARATION($2, $1); end_search($$); }
-looped_declaration:                 declaration
-    |                               advance_search '+' looped_declaration                       { $$ = $3; }
-    |                               advance_search '-'                                          { $$ = 0; }
-declaration:                        block_declaration
-    |                               function_definition                                         { $$ = YACC_SIMPLE_DECLARATION($1); }
-    |                               template_declaration
-/*  |                               explicit_instantiation                                      -- covered by relevant declarations */
-    |                               explicit_specialization
-    |                               specialised_declaration
-specialised_declaration:            linkage_specification                                       { $$ = YACC_LINKAGE_SPECIFICATION($1); }
-    |                               namespace_definition                                        { $$ = YACC_NAMESPACE_DECLARATION($1); }
-    |                               TEMPLATE specialised_declaration                            { $$ = YACC_SET_TEMPLATE_DECLARATION($2); }
-block_declaration:                  simple_declaration                                          { $$ = YACC_SIMPLE_DECLARATION($1); }
-    |                               specialised_block_declaration
-specialised_block_declaration:      asm_definition
-    |                               namespace_alias_definition
-    |                               using_declaration
-    |                               using_directive
-    |                               TEMPLATE specialised_block_declaration                      { $$ = YACC_SET_TEMPLATE_DECLARATION($2); }
-simple_declaration:                 ';'                                                         { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSION(0); }
-    |                               init_declaration ';'
-    |                               init_declarations ';'                                       { $$ = $1; }
-    |                               decl_specifier_prefix simple_declaration                    { $$ = YACC_DECL_SPECIFIER_EXPRESSION($2, $1); }
-
-/*  A decl-specifier following a ptr_operator provokes a shift-reduce conflict for
- *      * const name
- *  which is resolved in favour of the pointer, and implemented by providing versions
- *  of decl-specifier guaranteed not to start with a cv_qualifier.
- *
- *  decl-specifiers are implemented type-centrically. That is the semantic constraint
- *  that there must be a type is exploited to impose structure, but actually eliminate
- *  very little syntax. built-in types are multi-name and so need a different policy.
- *
- *  non-type decl-specifiers are bound to the left-most type in a decl-specifier-seq,
- *  by parsing from the right and attaching suffixes to the right-hand type. Finally
- *  residual prefixes attach to the left.                
- */
-suffix_built_in_decl_specifier.raw: built_in_type_specifier                                     { $$ = $1; }
-    |                               suffix_built_in_decl_specifier.raw built_in_type_specifier  { $$ = YACC_BUILT_IN_NAME($1, $2); }
-    |                               suffix_built_in_decl_specifier.raw decl_specifier_suffix    { $$ = YACC_DECL_SPECIFIER_NAME($1, $2); }
-suffix_built_in_decl_specifier:     suffix_built_in_decl_specifier.raw                          { $$ = $1; }
-    |                               TEMPLATE suffix_built_in_decl_specifier                     { $$ = YACC_SET_TEMPLATE_NAME($2); }
-suffix_named_decl_specifier:        scoped_id                                                   { $$ = $1; }
-    |                               elaborate_type_specifier                                    { $$ = $1; }
-    |                               suffix_named_decl_specifier decl_specifier_suffix           { $$ = YACC_DECL_SPECIFIER_NAME($1, $2); }
-suffix_named_decl_specifier.bi:     suffix_named_decl_specifier                                 { $$ = YACC_NAME_EXPRESSION($1); }
-    |                               suffix_named_decl_specifier suffix_built_in_decl_specifier.raw  { $$ = YACC_TYPED_NAME($1, $2); }
-suffix_named_decl_specifiers:       suffix_named_decl_specifier.bi
-    |                               suffix_named_decl_specifiers suffix_named_decl_specifier.bi { $$ = YACC_TYPED_NAME($1, $2); }
-suffix_named_decl_specifiers.sf:    scoped_special_function_id          /* operators etc */     { $$ = YACC_NAME_EXPRESSION($1); }
-    |                               suffix_named_decl_specifiers
-    |                               suffix_named_decl_specifiers scoped_special_function_id     { $$ = YACC_TYPED_NAME($1, $2); }
-suffix_decl_specified_ids:          suffix_built_in_decl_specifier
-    |                               suffix_built_in_decl_specifier suffix_named_decl_specifiers.sf { $$ = YACC_TYPED_NAME($1, $2); }
-    |                               suffix_named_decl_specifiers.sf
-suffix_decl_specified_scope:        suffix_named_decl_specifiers SCOPE
-    |                               suffix_built_in_decl_specifier suffix_named_decl_specifiers SCOPE { $$ = YACC_TYPED_NAME($1, $2); }
-    |                               suffix_built_in_decl_specifier SCOPE                        { $$ = YACC_NAME_EXPRESSION($1); }
-
-decl_specifier_affix:               storage_class_specifier
-    |                               function_specifier
-    |                               FRIEND                                                          
-    |                               TYPEDEF
-    |                               cv_qualifier                                                { $$ = $1; }
-
-decl_specifier_suffix:              decl_specifier_affix
-
-decl_specifier_prefix:              decl_specifier_affix
-    |                               TEMPLATE decl_specifier_prefix                              { $$ = YACC_SET_TEMPLATE_DECL_SPECIFIER($2); }
-
-storage_class_specifier:            REGISTER | STATIC | MUTABLE
-    |                               EXTERN                  %prec SHIFT_THERE                   /* Prefer linkage specification */
-    |                               AUTO
-
-function_specifier:                 EXPLICIT
-    |                               INLINE
-    |                               VIRTUAL
-
-type_specifier:                     simple_type_specifier
-    |                               elaborate_type_specifier
-    |                               cv_qualifier                                                { $$ = YACC_CV_DECL_SPECIFIER($1); }
-
-elaborate_type_specifier:           class_specifier
-    |                               enum_specifier
-    |                               elaborated_type_specifier
-    |                               TEMPLATE elaborate_type_specifier                           { $$ = YACC_SET_TEMPLATE_ID($2); }
-simple_type_specifier:              scoped_id
-    |                               built_in_type_specifier                                     { $$ = YACC_BUILT_IN_ID_ID($1); }
-built_in_type_specifier:            CHAR | WCHAR_T | BOOL | SHORT | INT | LONG | SIGNED | UNSIGNED | FLOAT | DOUBLE | VOID
-
-/*
- *  The over-general use of declaration_expression to cover decl-specifier-seq.opt declarator in a function-definition means that
- *      class X {};
- *  could be a function-definition or a class-specifier.
- *      enum X {};
- *  could be a function-definition or an enum-specifier.
- *  The function-definition is not syntactically valid so resolving the false conflict in favour of the
- *  elaborated_type_specifier is correct.
- */
-elaborated_type_specifier:          elaborated_class_specifier
-    |                               elaborated_enum_specifier
-    |                               TYPENAME scoped_id                                          { $$ = YACC_ELABORATED_TYPE_SPECIFIER($1, $2); }
-
-elaborated_enum_specifier:          ENUM scoped_id               %prec SHIFT_THERE              { $$ = YACC_ELABORATED_TYPE_SPECIFIER($1, $2); }
-enum_specifier:                     ENUM scoped_id enumerator_clause                            { $$ = YACC_ENUM_SPECIFIER_ID($2, $3); }
-    |                               ENUM enumerator_clause                                      { $$ = YACC_ENUM_SPECIFIER_ID(0, $2); }
-enumerator_clause:                  '{' enumerator_list_ecarb                                   { $$ = YACC_ENUMERATORS(0, 0); }
-    |                               '{' enumerator_list enumerator_list_ecarb                   { $$ = $2; }
-    |                               '{' enumerator_list ',' enumerator_definition_ecarb         { $$ = $2; }
-enumerator_list_ecarb:              '}'                                                         { }
-    |                               bang error '}'                                              { YACC_UNBANG($1, "Bad enumerator-list."); }
-enumerator_definition_ecarb:        '}'                                                         { }
-    |                               bang error '}'                                              { YACC_UNBANG($1, "Bad enumerator-definition."); }
-enumerator_definition_filler:       /* empty */
-    |                               bang error ','                                              { YACC_UNBANG($1, "Bad enumerator-definition."); }
-enumerator_list_head:               enumerator_definition_filler                                { $$ = YACC_ENUMERATORS(0, 0); }
-    |                               enumerator_list ',' enumerator_definition_filler
-enumerator_list:                    enumerator_list_head enumerator_definition                  { $$ = YACC_ENUMERATORS($1, $2); }
-enumerator_definition:              enumerator                                                  { $$ = YACC_ENUMERATOR($1, 0); }
-    |                               enumerator '=' constant_expression                          { $$ = YACC_ENUMERATOR($1, $3); }
-enumerator:                         identifier
-
-namespace_definition:               NAMESPACE scoped_id compound_declaration                    { $$ = YACC_NAMESPACE_DEFINITION($2, $3); }
-    |                               NAMESPACE compound_declaration                              { $$ = YACC_NAMESPACE_DEFINITION(0, $2); }
-namespace_alias_definition:         NAMESPACE scoped_id '=' scoped_id ';'                       { $$ = YACC_NAMESPACE_ALIAS_DEFINITION($2, $4); }
-
-using_declaration:                  USING declarator_id ';'                                     { $$ = YACC_USING_DECLARATION(false, $2); }
-    |                               USING TYPENAME declarator_id ';'                            { $$ = YACC_USING_DECLARATION(true, $3); }
-
-using_directive:                    USING NAMESPACE scoped_id ';'                               { $$ = YACC_USING_DIRECTIVE($3); }
-asm_definition:                     ASM '(' string ')' ';'                                      { $$ = YACC_ASM_DEFINITION($3); }
-linkage_specification:              EXTERN string looping_declaration                           { $$ = YACC_LINKAGE_SPECIFIER($2, $3); }
-    |                               EXTERN string compound_declaration                          { $$ = YACC_LINKAGE_SPECIFIER($2, $3); }
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * A.7 Declarators
- *---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-/*init-declarator is named init_declaration to reflect the embedded decl-specifier-seq.opt*/
-init_declarations:                  assignment_expression ',' init_declaration                  { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSIONS(YACC_EXPRESSIONS(0, $1), $3); }
-    |                               init_declarations ',' init_declaration                      { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSIONS($1, $3); }
-init_declaration:                   assignment_expression
-/*  |                               assignment_expression '=' initializer_clause                -- covered by assignment_expression */
-/*  |                               assignment_expression '(' expression_list ')'               -- covered by another set of call arguments */
-
-/*declarator:                                                                                   -- covered by assignment_expression */
-/*direct_declarator:                                                                            -- covered by postfix_expression */
-
-star_ptr_operator:                  '*'                                                         { $$ = YACC_POINTER_DECLARATOR(); }
-    |                               star_ptr_operator cv_qualifier                              { $$ = YACC_CV_DECLARATOR($1, $2); }
-nested_ptr_operator:                star_ptr_operator                                           { $$ = $1; }
-    |                               id_scope nested_ptr_operator                                { $$ = YACC_NESTED_DECLARATOR($1, $2); }
-ptr_operator:                       '&'                                                         { $$ = YACC_REFERENCE_DECLARATOR(); }
-    |                               nested_ptr_operator                                         { $$ = $1; }
-    |                               global_scope nested_ptr_operator                            { $$ = YACC_GLOBAL_DECLARATOR($1, $2); }
-ptr_operator_seq:                   ptr_operator                                                { $$ = YACC_POINTER_EXPRESSION($1, YACC_EPSILON()); }
-    |                               ptr_operator ptr_operator_seq                               { $$ = YACC_POINTER_EXPRESSION($1, $2); }
-/* Independently coded to localise the shift-reduce conflict: sharing just needs another %prec */
-ptr_operator_seq.opt:               /* empty */                         %prec SHIFT_THERE       /* Maximise type length */ { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSION(0); }
-    |                               ptr_operator ptr_operator_seq.opt                           { $$ = YACC_POINTER_EXPRESSION($1, $2); }
-
-cv_qualifier_seq.opt:               /* empty */                                                 { $$ = YACC_CV_QUALIFIERS(0, 0); }
-    |                               cv_qualifier_seq.opt cv_qualifier                           { $$ = YACC_CV_QUALIFIERS($1, $2); }
-cv_qualifier:                       CONST | VOLATILE /* | CvQualifier */
-
-/*type_id                                                                                       -- also covered by parameter declaration */
-type_id:                            type_specifier abstract_declarator.opt                      { $$ = YACC_TYPED_EXPRESSION($1, $2); }
-    |                               type_specifier type_id                                      { $$ = YACC_TYPED_EXPRESSION($1, $2); }
-
-/*abstract_declarator:                                                                          -- also covered by parameter declaration */
-abstract_declarator.opt:            /* empty */                                                 { $$ = YACC_EPSILON(); }
-    |                               ptr_operator abstract_declarator.opt                        { $$ = YACC_POINTER_EXPRESSION($1, $2); }
-    |                               direct_abstract_declarator
-direct_abstract_declarator.opt:     /* empty */                                                 { $$ = YACC_EPSILON(); }
-    |                               direct_abstract_declarator
-direct_abstract_declarator:         direct_abstract_declarator.opt parenthesis_clause           { $$ = YACC_CALL_EXPRESSION($1, $2); }
-    |                               direct_abstract_declarator.opt '[' ']'                      { $$ = YACC_ARRAY_EXPRESSION($1, 0); }
-    |                               direct_abstract_declarator.opt '[' constant_expression ']'  { $$ = YACC_ARRAY_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-/*  |                               '(' abstract_declarator ')'                                 -- covered by parenthesis_clause */
-
-parenthesis_clause:                 parameters_clause cv_qualifier_seq.opt                      { $$ = YACC_PARENTHESISED($1, $2, 0); }
-    |                               parameters_clause cv_qualifier_seq.opt exception_specification  { $$ = YACC_PARENTHESISED($1, $2, $3); }
-parameters_clause:                  '(' parameter_declaration_clause ')'                        { $$ = $2; }
-/* parameter_declaration_clause also covers init_declaration, type_id, declarator and abstract_declarator. */
-parameter_declaration_clause:       /* empty */                                                 { $$ = YACC_PARAMETERS(0, 0); }
-    |                               parameter_declaration_list
-    |                               parameter_declaration_list ELLIPSIS                         { $$ = YACC_PARAMETERS($1, YACC_ELLIPSIS_EXPRESSION()); }
-parameter_declaration_list:         parameter_declaration                                       { $$ = YACC_PARAMETERS(0, $1); }
-    |                               parameter_declaration_list ',' parameter_declaration        { $$ = YACC_PARAMETERS($1, $3); }
-
-/* A typed abstract qualifier such as
- *      Class * ...
- * looks like a multiply, so pointers are parsed as their binary operation equivalents that
- * ultimately terminate with a degenerate right hand term.
- */
-abstract_pointer_declaration:       ptr_operator_seq
-    |                               multiplicative_expression star_ptr_operator ptr_operator_seq.opt { $$ = YACC_MULTIPLY_EXPRESSION($1, $2, $3); }
-abstract_parameter_declaration:     abstract_pointer_declaration
-    |                               and_expression '&'                                          { $$ = YACC_AND_EXPRESSION($1, YACC_EPSILON()); }
-    |                               and_expression '&' abstract_pointer_declaration             { $$ = YACC_AND_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-special_parameter_declaration:      abstract_parameter_declaration
-    |                               abstract_parameter_declaration '=' assignment_expression    { $$ = YACC_ASSIGNMENT_EXPRESSION($1, $2, $3); }
-    |                               ELLIPSIS                                                    { $$ = YACC_ELLIPSIS_EXPRESSION(); }
-parameter_declaration:              assignment_expression                                       { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSION_PARAMETER($1); }
-    |                               special_parameter_declaration                               { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSION_PARAMETER($1); }
-    |                               decl_specifier_prefix parameter_declaration                 { $$ = YACC_DECL_SPECIFIER_PARAMETER($2, $1); }
-
-/*  The grammar is repeated for use within template <>
- */
-templated_parameter_declaration:    templated_assignment_expression                             { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSION_PARAMETER($1); }
-    |                               templated_abstract_declaration                              { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSION_PARAMETER($1); }
-    |                               templated_abstract_declaration '=' templated_assignment_expression
-                                                    { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSION_PARAMETER(YACC_ASSIGNMENT_EXPRESSION($1, $2, $3)); }
-    |                               decl_specifier_prefix templated_parameter_declaration       { $$ = YACC_DECL_SPECIFIER_PARAMETER($2, $1); }
-templated_abstract_declaration:     abstract_pointer_declaration
-    |                               templated_and_expression '&'                                { $$ = YACC_AND_EXPRESSION($1, 0); }
-    |                               templated_and_expression '&' abstract_pointer_declaration   { $$ = YACC_AND_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-
-/*  function_definition includes constructor, destructor, implicit int definitions too.
- *  A local destructor is successfully parsed as a function-declaration but the ~ was treated as a unary operator.
- *  constructor_head is the prefix ambiguity between a constructor and a member-init-list starting with a bit-field.
- */
-function_definition:        ctor_definition
-    |                       func_definition
-func_definition:            assignment_expression function_try_block                    { $$ = YACC_FUNCTION_DEFINITION($1, $2); }
-    |                       assignment_expression function_body                         { $$ = YACC_FUNCTION_DEFINITION($1, $2); }
-    |                       decl_specifier_prefix func_definition                       { $$ = YACC_DECL_SPECIFIER_EXPRESSION($2, $1); }
-ctor_definition:            constructor_head function_try_block                         { $$ = YACC_CTOR_DEFINITION($1, $2); }
-    |                       constructor_head function_body                              { $$ = YACC_CTOR_DEFINITION($1, $2); }
-    |                       decl_specifier_prefix ctor_definition                       { $$ = YACC_DECL_SPECIFIER_EXPRESSION($2, $1); }
-constructor_head:           bit_field_init_declaration                                  { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSIONS(0, $1); }
-    |                       constructor_head ',' assignment_expression                  { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSIONS($1, $3); }
-function_try_block:         TRY function_block handler_seq                              { $$ = YACC_TRY_FUNCTION_BLOCK($2, $3); }
-function_block:             ctor_initializer.opt function_body                          { $$ = YACC_CTOR_FUNCTION_BLOCK($2, $1); }
-function_body:              compound_statement                                          { $$ = YACC_FUNCTION_BLOCK($1); }
-
-/*  An = initializer looks like an extended assignment_expression.
- *  An () initializer looks like a function call.
- *  initializer is therefore flattened into its generalised customers.
- *initializer:              '=' initializer_clause                                      -- flattened into caller
- *  |                       '(' expression_list ')'                                     -- flattened into caller */
-initializer_clause:         assignment_expression                                       { $$ = YACC_INITIALIZER_EXPRESSION_CLAUSE($1); }
-    |                       braced_initializer
-braced_initializer:         '{' initializer_list '}'                                    { $$ = YACC_INITIALIZER_LIST_CLAUSE($2); }
-    |                       '{' initializer_list ',' '}'                                { $$ = YACC_INITIALIZER_LIST_CLAUSE($2); }
-    |                       '{' '}'                                                     { $$ = YACC_INITIALIZER_LIST_CLAUSE(0); }
-    |                       '{' looping_initializer_clause '#' bang error '}'           { $$ = 0; YACC_UNBANG($4, "Bad initializer_clause."); }
-    |                       '{' initializer_list ',' looping_initializer_clause '#' bang error '}'
-                                                                                        { $$ = $2; YACC_UNBANG($6, "Bad initializer_clause."); }
-initializer_list:           looping_initializer_clause                                  { $$ = YACC_INITIALIZER_CLAUSES(0, $1); }
-    |                       initializer_list ',' looping_initializer_clause             { $$ = YACC_INITIALIZER_CLAUSES($1, $3); }
-looping_initializer_clause: start_search looped_initializer_clause                      { $$ = $2; end_search($$); }
-looped_initializer_clause:  initializer_clause
-    |                       advance_search '+' looped_initializer_clause                { $$ = $3; }
-    |                       advance_search '-'                                          { $$ = 0; }
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * A.8 Classes
- *---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- *
- *  An anonymous bit-field declaration may look very like inheritance:
- *      class A : B = 3;
- *      class A : B ;
- *  The two usages are too distant to try to create and enforce a common prefix so we have to resort to
- *  a parser hack by backtracking. Inheritance is much the most likely so we mark the input stream context
- *  and try to parse a base-clause. If we successfully reach a { the base-clause is ok and inheritance was
- *  the correct choice so we unmark and continue. If we fail to find the { an error token causes back-tracking
- *  to the alternative parse in elaborated_class_specifier which regenerates the : and declares unconditional success.
- */
-colon_mark:                 ':'                                                         { $$ = mark(); }
-elaborated_class_specifier: class_key scoped_id                    %prec SHIFT_THERE    { $$ = YACC_ELABORATED_TYPE_SPECIFIER($1, $2); }
-    |                       class_key scoped_id colon_mark error                        { $$ = YACC_ELABORATED_TYPE_SPECIFIER($1, $2); rewind_colon($3, $$); }
-class_specifier_head:       class_key scoped_id colon_mark base_specifier_list '{'      { unmark($4); $$ = YACC_CLASS_SPECIFIER_ID($1, $2, $4); }
-    |                       class_key ':' base_specifier_list '{'                       { $$ = YACC_CLASS_SPECIFIER_ID($1, 0, $3); }
-    |                       class_key scoped_id '{'                                     { $$ = YACC_CLASS_SPECIFIER_ID($1, $2, 0); }
-    |                       class_key '{'                                               { $$ = YACC_CLASS_SPECIFIER_ID($1, 0, 0); }
-class_key:                  CLASS | STRUCT | UNION
-class_specifier:            class_specifier_head member_specification.opt '}'           { $$ = YACC_CLASS_MEMBERS($1, $2); }
-    |                       class_specifier_head member_specification.opt util looping_member_declaration '#' bang error '}'
-                                            { $$ = YACC_CLASS_MEMBERS($1, $2); YACC_UNBANG($6, "Bad member_specification.opt."); }
-member_specification.opt:   /* empty */                                                 { $$ = YACC_MEMBER_DECLARATIONS(0, 0); }
-    |                       member_specification.opt util looping_member_declaration    { $$ = YACC_MEMBER_DECLARATIONS($1, YACC_COMPILE_DECLARATION($2, $3)); }
-    |                       member_specification.opt util looping_member_declaration '#' bang error ';'
-                                                                                                { $$ = $1; YACC_UNBANG($5, "Bad member-declaration."); }
-looping_member_declaration: start_search looped_member_declaration                      { $$ = YACC_LINED_DECLARATION($2, $1); end_search($$); }
-looped_member_declaration:  member_declaration
-    |                       advance_search '+' looped_member_declaration                { $$ = $3; }
-    |                       advance_search '-'                                          { $$ = 0; }
-member_declaration:         accessibility_specifier
-    |                       simple_member_declaration                                   { $$ = YACC_SIMPLE_DECLARATION($1); }
-    |                       function_definition                                         { $$ = YACC_SIMPLE_DECLARATION($1); }
-/*  |                       function_definition ';'                                     -- trailing ; covered by null declaration */
-/*  |                       qualified_id ';'                                            -- covered by simple_member_declaration */
-    |                       using_declaration
-    |                       template_declaration
-
-/*  The generality of constructor names (there need be no parenthesised argument list) means that that
- *          name : f(g), h(i)
- *  could be the start of a constructor or the start of an anonymous bit-field. An ambiguity is avoided by
- *  parsing the ctor-initializer of a function_definition as a bit-field.
- */
-simple_member_declaration:  ';'                                                         { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSION(0); }
-    |                       assignment_expression ';'
-    |                       constructor_head ';'                                        { $$ = $1; }
-    |                       member_init_declarations ';'                                { $$ = $1; }
-    |                       decl_specifier_prefix simple_member_declaration             { $$ = YACC_DECL_SPECIFIER_EXPRESSION($2, $1); }
-member_init_declarations:   assignment_expression ',' member_init_declaration           { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSIONS(YACC_EXPRESSIONS(0, $1), $3); }
-    |                       constructor_head ',' bit_field_init_declaration             { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSIONS($1, $3); }
-    |                       member_init_declarations ',' member_init_declaration        { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSIONS($1, $3); }
-member_init_declaration:    assignment_expression
-/*  |                       assignment_expression '=' initializer_clause                -- covered by assignment_expression */
-/*  |                       assignment_expression '(' expression_list ')'               -- covered by another set of call arguments */
-    |                       bit_field_init_declaration
-accessibility_specifier:    access_specifier ':'                                        { $$ = YACC_ACCESSIBILITY_SPECIFIER($1); }
-bit_field_declaration:      assignment_expression ':' bit_field_width                   { $$ = YACC_BIT_FIELD_EXPRESSION($1, $3); }
-    |                       ':' bit_field_width                                         { $$ = YACC_BIT_FIELD_EXPRESSION(0, $2); }
-bit_field_width:            logical_or_expression
-/*  |                       logical_or_expression '?' expression ':' assignment_expression  -- has SR conflict w.r.t later = */
-    |                       logical_or_expression '?' bit_field_width ':' bit_field_width { $$ = YACC_CONDITIONAL_EXPRESSION($1, $3, $5); }
-bit_field_init_declaration: bit_field_declaration
-    |                       bit_field_declaration '=' initializer_clause                { $$ = YACC_ASSIGNMENT_EXPRESSION($1, $2, $3); }
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * A.9 Derived classes
- *---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-/*base_clause:              ':' base_specifier_list                                     -- flattened */
-base_specifier_list:        base_specifier                                              { $$ = YACC_BASE_SPECIFIERS(0, $1); }
-    |                       base_specifier_list ',' base_specifier                      { $$ = YACC_BASE_SPECIFIERS($1, $3); }
-base_specifier:             scoped_id                                                   { $$ = YACC_BASE_SPECIFIER($1); }
-    |                       access_specifier base_specifier                             { $$ = YACC_ACCESS_BASE_SPECIFIER($2, $1); }
-    |                       VIRTUAL base_specifier                                      { $$ = YACC_VIRTUAL_BASE_SPECIFIER($2); }
-access_specifier:           PRIVATE | PROTECTED | PUBLIC
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * A.10 Special member functions
- *---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-conversion_function_id:     OPERATOR conversion_type_id                                 { $$ = YACC_CONVERSION_FUNCTION_ID($2); }
-conversion_type_id:         type_specifier ptr_operator_seq.opt                         { $$ = YACC_TYPED_EXPRESSION($1, $2); }
-    |                       type_specifier conversion_type_id                           { $$ = YACC_TYPED_EXPRESSION($1, $2); }
-/*
- *  Ctor-initialisers can look like a bit field declaration, given the generalisation of names:
- *      Class(Type) : m1(1), m2(2) {}
- *      NonClass(bit_field) : int(2), second_variable, ...
- *  The grammar below is used within a function_try_block or function_definition.
- *  See simple_member_declaration for use in normal member function_definition.
- */
-ctor_initializer.opt:       /* empty */                                                 { $$ = YACC_MEM_INITIALIZERS(0, 0); }
-    |                       ctor_initializer
-ctor_initializer:           ':' mem_initializer_list                                    { $$ = $2; }
-    |                       ':' mem_initializer_list bang error                         { $$ = $2; YACC_UNBANG($3, "Bad ctor-initializer."); }
-mem_initializer_list:       mem_initializer                                             { $$ = YACC_MEM_INITIALIZERS(0, $1); }
-    |                       mem_initializer_list_head mem_initializer                   { $$ = YACC_MEM_INITIALIZERS($1, $2); }
-mem_initializer_list_head:  mem_initializer_list ','
-    |                       mem_initializer_list bang error ','                         { YACC_UNBANG($2, "Bad mem-initializer."); }
-mem_initializer:            mem_initializer_id '(' expression_list.opt ')'              { $$ = YACC_MEM_INITIALIZER($1, $3); }
-mem_initializer_id:         scoped_id
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * A.11 Overloading
- *---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-operator_function_id:       OPERATOR operator                                           { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_FUNCTION_ID($2); }
-/*
- *  It is not clear from the ANSI standard whether spaces are permitted in delete[]. If not then it can
- *  be recognised and returned as DELETE_ARRAY by the lexer. Assuming spaces are permitted there is an
- *  ambiguity created by the over generalised nature of expressions. operator new is a valid delarator-id
- *  which we may have an undimensioned array of. Semantic rubbish, but syntactically valid. Since the
- *  array form is covered by the declarator consideration we can exclude the operator here. The need
- *  for a semantic rescue can be eliminated at the expense of a couple of shift-reduce conflicts by
- *  removing the comments on the next four lines.
- */
-operator:             /*++++*/      NEW                                                         { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_NEW_ID(); }
-    |                 /*++++*/      DELETE                                                      { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_DELETE_ID(); }
-/*  |                 / ---- /      NEW                 %prec SHIFT_THERE                       { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_NEW_ID(); }
-/*  |                 / ---- /      DELETE              %prec SHIFT_THERE                       { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_DELETE_ID(); }
-/*  |                 / ---- /      NEW '[' ']'                                                 -- Covered by array of OPERATOR NEW */
-/*  |                 / ---- /      DELETE '[' ']'                                              -- Covered by array of OPERATOR DELETE */
-    |                               '+'                                                         { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_ADD_ID(); }
-    |                               '-'                                                         { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_SUB_ID(); }
-    |                               '*'                                                         { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_MUL_ID(); }
-    |                               '/'                                                         { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_DIV_ID(); }
-    |                               '%'                                                         { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_MOD_ID(); }
-    |                               '^'                                                         { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_XOR_ID(); }
-    |                               '&'                                                         { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_BIT_AND_ID(); }
-    |                               '|'                                                         { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_BIT_OR_ID(); }
-    |                               '~'                                                         { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_BIT_NOT_ID(); }
-    |                               '!'                                                         { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_LOG_NOT_ID(); }
-    |                               '='                                                         { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_ASS_ID(); }
-    |                               '<'                                                         { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_LT_ID(); }
-    |                               '>'                                                         { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_GT_ID(); }
-    |                               ASS_ADD                                                     { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_ASS_ADD_ID(); }
-    |                               ASS_SUB                                                     { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_ASS_SUB_ID(); }
-    |                               ASS_MUL                                                     { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_ASS_MUL_ID(); }
-    |                               ASS_DIV                                                     { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_ASS_DIV_ID(); }
-    |                               ASS_MOD                                                     { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_ASS_MOD_ID(); }
-    |                               ASS_XOR                                                     { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_ASS_XOR_ID(); }
-    |                               ASS_AND                                                     { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_ASS_BIT_AND_ID(); }
-    |                               ASS_OR                                                      { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_ASS_BIT_OR_ID(); }
-    |                               SHL                                                         { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_SHL_ID(); }
-    |                               SHR                                                         { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_SHR_ID(); }
-    |                               ASS_SHR                                                     { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_ASS_SHR_ID(); }
-    |                               ASS_SHL                                                     { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_ASS_SHL_ID(); }
-    |                               EQ                                                          { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_EQ_ID(); }
-    |                               NE                                                          { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_NE_ID(); }
-    |                               LE                                                          { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_LE_ID(); }
-    |                               GE                                                          { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_GE_ID(); }
-    |                               LOG_AND                                                     { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_LOG_AND_ID(); }
-    |                               LOG_OR                                                      { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_LOG_OR_ID(); }
-    |                               INC                                                         { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_INC_ID(); }
-    |                               DEC                                                         { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_DEC_ID(); }
-    |                               ','                                                         { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_COMMA_ID(); }
-    |                               ARROW_STAR                                                  { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_ARROW_STAR_ID(); }
-    |                               ARROW                                                       { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_ARROW_ID(); }
-    |                               '(' ')'                                                     { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_CALL_ID(); }
-    |                               '[' ']'                                                     { $$ = YACC_OPERATOR_INDEX_ID(); }
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * A.12 Templates
- *---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-template_declaration:               template_parameter_clause declaration                       { $$ = YACC_TEMPLATE_DECLARATION($1, $2); }
-    |                               EXPORT template_declaration                                 { $$ = YACC_DECL_SPECIFIER_DECLARATION($2, $1); }
-template_parameter_clause:          TEMPLATE '<' template_parameter_list '>'                    { $$ = $3; }
-template_parameter_list:            template_parameter                                          { $$ = YACC_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS(0, $1); }
-    |                               template_parameter_list ',' template_parameter              { $$ = YACC_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS($1, $3); }
-template_parameter:                 simple_type_parameter                                       { $$ = YACC_INIT_SIMPLE_TYPE_PARAMETER($1, 0); }
-    |                               simple_type_parameter '=' type_id                           { $$ = YACC_INIT_SIMPLE_TYPE_PARAMETER($1, $3); }
-    |                               templated_type_parameter                                    { $$ = YACC_INIT_TEMPLATED_PARAMETER($1, 0); }
-    |                               templated_type_parameter '=' identifier                     { $$ = YACC_INIT_TEMPLATED_PARAMETER($1, $3); }
-    |                               templated_parameter_declaration                             { $$ = YACC_TEMPLATE_PARAMETER($1); }
-    |                               bang error                                                  { $$ = 0; YACC_UNBANG($1, "Bad template-parameter."); }
-simple_type_parameter:              CLASS                                                       { $$ = YACC_CLASS_TYPE_PARAMETER(0); }
-/*  |                               CLASS identifier                                            -- covered by parameter_declaration */
-    |                               TYPENAME                                                    { $$ = YACC_TYPENAME_TYPE_PARAMETER(0); }
-/*  |                               TYPENAME identifier                                         -- covered by parameter_declaration */
-templated_type_parameter:           template_parameter_clause CLASS                             { $$ = YACC_TEMPLATED_TYPE_PARAMETER($1, 0); }
-    |                               template_parameter_clause CLASS identifier                  { $$ = YACC_TEMPLATED_TYPE_PARAMETER($1, $3); }
-template_id:                        TEMPLATE identifier '<' template_argument_list '>'          { $$ = YACC_TEMPLATE_NAME($2, $4); }
-    |                               TEMPLATE template_id                                        { $$ = $2; }
-/*
- *  template-argument is evaluated using a templated...expression so that > resolves to end of template.
- */
-template_argument_list:             template_argument                                           { $$ = YACC_TEMPLATE_ARGUMENTS(0, $1); }
-    |                               template_argument_list ',' template_argument                { $$ = YACC_TEMPLATE_ARGUMENTS($1, $3); }
-template_argument:                  templated_parameter_declaration                             { $$ = YACC_TEMPLATE_ARGUMENT($1); }
-/*  |                               type_id                                                     -- covered by templated_parameter_declaration */
-/*  |                               template_name                                               -- covered by templated_parameter_declaration */
-/*  |                               error                                                       -- must allow template failure to re-search */
-
-/*
- *  Generalised naming makes identifier a valid declaration, so TEMPLATE identifier is too.
- *  The TEMPLATE prefix is therefore folded into all names, parenthesis_clause and decl_specifier_prefix.
- */
-/*explicit_instantiation:           TEMPLATE declaration */
-explicit_specialization:            TEMPLATE '<' '>' declaration                                { $$ = YACC_EXPLICIT_SPECIALIZATION($4); }
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * A.13 Exception Handling
- *---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-try_block:                          TRY compound_statement handler_seq                          { $$ = YACC_TRY_BLOCK($2, $3); }
-/*function_try_block:                                                                           -- moved near function_block */
-handler_seq:                        handler                                                     { $$ = YACC_HANDLERS(0, $1); }
-    |                               handler handler_seq                                         { $$ = YACC_HANDLERS($2, $1); }
-handler:                            CATCH '(' exception_declaration ')' compound_statement      { $$ = YACC_HANDLER($3, $5); }
-exception_declaration:              parameter_declaration                                       { $$ = YACC_EXCEPTION_DECLARATION($1); }
-/*                                  ELLIPSIS                                                    -- covered by parameter_declaration */
-throw_expression:                   THROW                                                       { $$ = YACC_THROW_EXPRESSION(0); }
-    |                               THROW assignment_expression                                 { $$ = YACC_THROW_EXPRESSION($2); }
-templated_throw_expression:         THROW                                                       { $$ = YACC_THROW_EXPRESSION(0); }
-    |                               THROW templated_assignment_expression                       { $$ = YACC_THROW_EXPRESSION($2); }
-exception_specification:            THROW '(' ')'                                               { $$ = YACC_EXCEPTION_SPECIFICATION(0); }
-    |                               THROW '(' type_id_list ')'                                  { $$ = YACC_EXCEPTION_SPECIFICATION($3); }
-type_id_list:                       type_id                                                     { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSIONS(0, $1); }
-    |                               type_id_list ',' type_id                                    { $$ = YACC_EXPRESSIONS($1, $3); }
-
-/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * Back-tracking and context support
- *---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
-advance_search:                     error               { yyerrok; advance_search(); } /* Rewind and queue '+' or '-' '#' */       
-bang:                               /* empty */         { $$ = YACC_BANG(); }   /* set flag to suppress "parse error" */ 
-mark:                               /* empty */         { $$ = mark(); }        /* Push lookahead and input token stream context onto a stack */
-nest:                               /* empty */         { $$ = nest(); }        /* Push a declaration nesting depth onto the parse stack */
-start_search:                       /* empty */         { $$ = YACC_LINE(); start_search(false); }    /* Create/reset binary search context */
-start_search1:                      /* empty */         { $$ = YACC_LINE(); start_search(true); }     /* Create/reset binary search context */
-util:                               /* empty */         { $$ = YACC_UTILITY_MODE(); }           /* Get current utility mode */
-/*StartTester*/
-%%
-#include <CxxParsing.cxx>
-/*EndTester*/